Performing Database Backups
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to:
• Create consistent database backups
• Back up your database without shutting it down
• Create incremental backups
• Automate database backups
• Manage backups
目标
完成本课程后，您应该能够：
•创建一致的数据库备份
•在不关闭数据库的情况下备份数据库
•创建增量备份
•自动化数据库备份
•管理备份
Backup Solutions: Overview 备份解决方案：概述 备份与恢复
Oracle Secure Backup
• Oracle Secure Backup and RMAN provide an end-to-end backup solution for Oracle environments:
– Centralized tape backup management for file system data and the Oracle database
– Most well-integrated media management layer for RMAN backups
– Backup of any data anywhere on the network
• A single technical support resource for the entire backup solution expedites problem resolution.
• This ensures reliable data protection at lower cost and complexity.
Oracle安全备份
•Oracle安全备份和RMAN为Oracle环境提供了端到端备份解决方案：
–文件系统数据和Oracle数据库的集中磁带备份管理
–用于RMAN备份的最完善的集成媒体管理层
–备份网络上的任何数据
•整个备份解决方案的单一技术支持资源可加快问题的解决。
•这确保了以更低的成本和复杂性提供可靠的数据保护。
User-Managed Backup
A user-managed scenario:
• Is a manual process of tracking backup needs and status
• Typically uses your own written scripts
• Requires that database files be put in the correct mode for backup
• Relies on operating system commands to make backups of files
用户管理的备份
用户管理的方案：
•是跟踪备份需求和状态的手动过程
•通常使用自己编写的脚本
•要求将数据库文件置于正确的备份模式
•依赖操作系统命令备份文件
Understanding Backup Terminology
• Backup strategy may include:
– Entire database (whole)
– Portion of the database (partial)
• Backup type may indicate inclusion of:
– All data blocks within your chosen files (full)
– Only information that has changed since a previous backup (incremental)
— Cumulative (changes since last level 0)
— Differential (changes since last incremental)
• Backup mode may be:
– Offline (consistent, cold)
– Online (inconsistent, hot)
了解备份术语
•备份策略可能包括：
–整个数据库（整体） 整体备份包含控制文件
–数据库的一部分（部分）
•备份类型可能表示包含：
–所选文件中的所有数据块（完整）
–仅限自上次备份（增量）后更改的信息 增量备份
-累计（自上一级别0以来的更改） 积累增量 从0基础到本次 0基备份可以作为增量备份的基准点，而普通的全full备份却不行
-差异（自上次增量后的变化） 差异增量 从上次到本次
•备份模式可以是：
–离线（一致、冷）
–在线（不一致、热） 必须先将数据库转换为归档模式ARCHIVELOG才能支持在线备份
Understanding Types of Backups
Backups may be stored as:
• Image copies
• Backup sets
了解备份类型
备份可以存储为：
•图像副本
•备份集
RMAN Backup Types
• A full backup contains all used data file blocks.
• A level 0 incremental backup is equivalent to a full backup that has been marked as level 0.
• A cumulative level 1
incremental backup contains only blocks modified since the last level 0 incremental backup.
• A differential level 1
incremental backup contains only blocks modified since the last incremental backup.
RMAN备份类型
•完整备份包含所有使用的数据文件块。
•0级增量备份等同于标记为0级的完全备份。
•累积水平1 积累增量
增量备份仅包含自上次0级增量备份以来修改的块。
•差分等级1 差异增量
增量备份仅包含自上次增量备份以来修改的块。
Using Recovery Manager (RMAN)
• Provides a powerful control and scripting language
• Includes a published API that enables interface with most popular backup software
• Backs up data数据文件, control控制文件, archived redo log归档日志, and server parameter files参数文件
• Backs up files to disk磁盘 or tape磁带
• Is integrated with Enterprise Manager Cloud Control
使用恢复管理器（RMAN）
•提供强大的控制和脚本语言
•包括一个已发布的API，它支持与最流行的备份软件的接口
•备份数据、控件、已存档的重做日志和服务器参数文件
•将文件备份到磁盘或磁带
•与Enterprise Manager云控制集成
Configuring Backup Settings 配置备份设置（Enterprise Manager Cloud Control，EMCC或命令行）
Oracle-Suggested Backup
• Provides an out-of-the-box backup strategy based on the backup destination
• Sets up a recovery window for backup management
• Schedules recurring and immediate backups:
Full backup
+ daily incremental
= new “full” backup
+ daily archived logs for recovery
Oracle建议的备份
•根据备份目标提供开箱即用的备份策略
•为备份管理设置恢复窗口
•安排定期和立即备份：
完全备份
+每日增量
=新的“完全”备份
+用于恢复的每日存档日志
Backing Up the Control File to a Trace File
• Control files can be backed up to a trace file, generating a SQL command to re-create the control file.
• Control file trace backups may be used to recover from loss of all control files.
将控制文件备份到跟踪文件
•可以将控制文件备份到跟踪文件，生成SQL命令以重新创建控制文件。
•控制文件跟踪备份可用于从所有控制文件丢失中恢复
ALTER DATABASE
BACKUP CONTROLFILE TO TRACE;
控制文件已成功备份到: /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/orcl_s000_94995.trc
vi /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/orcl_s000_94995.trc
用vi打开orcl_s000_94995.trc文件可查看控制文件建立脚本如下
STARTUP NOMOUNT
CREATE CONTROLFILE REUSE DATABASE "ORCL" NORESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG
MAXLOGFILES 16
MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
MAXDATAFILES 100
MAXINSTANCES 8
MAXLOGHISTORY 292
LOGFILE
GROUP 1 (
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo01.log',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo01_b.log'
) SIZE 200M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 2 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo02.log' SIZE 200M BLOCKSIZE 512,
GROUP 3 '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/redo03.log' SIZE 200M BLOCKSIZE 512
-- STANDBY LOGFILE
DATAFILE
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/system01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/inventory02.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/sysaux01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/inventory03.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/users01.dbf',
'/u01/app/oracle/oradata/ORCL/undotbs02.dbf'
CHARACTER SET UTF8
Managing Backups 管理备份
Using RMAN Commands to Create Backups 使用RMAN命令创建备份
$ rman target /
RMAN> CONFIGURE …
RMAN> BACKUP DATABASE PLUS ARCHIVELOG;
Quiz
Using the change-tracking feature, an image copy backup performed by RMAN can skip blocks that have not changed since the last backup.
测验
使用更改跟踪功能，RMAN执行的图像副本备份可以跳过自上次备份以来未更改的块。错误 ：对镜像拷贝image copy无效，只对普通备份券有效
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
• Create consistent database backups
• Back up your database without shutting it down
• Create incremental backups
• Automate database backups
• Manage backups and view backup reports
摘要
在本课中，您应该学习如何：
•创建一致的数据库备份
•在不关闭数据库的情况下备份数据库
•创建增量备份
•自动化数据库备份
•管理备份并查看备份报告
Practice: Overview
This practice covers the following topics:
• Backing up your database while the database is open for user activity
• Scheduling automatic nightly incremental backups for your
备份练习见oracle 03-14