[介词]
(1)在...旁边,在...附近;经过(某地):They sat by the fire.
I drove by the new hotel.
(2)在(某个时间)之前或在(某个时间):I have to be home by 11 o'clock.
(3)由，被: Has he read anything by Janet Frame? The tiles were painted by hand.
[副词]在附近,经过:We heard a train go by.
语法结构
1 by | + -ing
They live by fishing and hunting.
By reading a lot you can improve your vocabulary.
They escaped by climibing a wall.
表示某人如何做某事或成就某事。
2 by | + 名词短语
I usually go to work by train, but sometimes I go by bus.
Please send the documents by e-mail.
Can I pay by credit card?
表示人们乘坐何种交通工具,如何沟通或如何处理事务。
I used your toothbrush by mistake.
The dentist sees clients by appointment only.
By chance , she ran into Marcel in the bank.
表示事情是否事先计划过
3 am/is/was 等| + 过去分词 | + by | + 名词短语
Jessica was bitten by a dog.
Her next film will be directed by Lars von Trier.
The beaches are being cleaned by groups of volunteers.
表示某人或某物做了某事.(这个结构叫做被动语态)
4 by| + himself/herselft/themselves等
The train goes by itself.
表示某人或某物在没有帮助的情况下做了某事。
He was sitting by himself.
表示某人独自一人。
5 by | + 时间状语
The photos will be ready by Friday.
Dinner's at seven.Will you be home by then?
表示事情不迟于某个时间发生。
6 by the time | + 分句,|+分句
By the time we arrived,the restaurant was closed.
By the time you get this,I will have left.
表示在某个时间之前事情已经发生了，或将会发生.
搭配
by (用作介词)后面接属于下列类别的名词。
交通工具: by car,by train,by bike等;
沟通交流: by e-mail,by phone,by word of mouth等
by (用于副词和介词 )和许多表示移动的动词连用,如go,pass,run,fly,rush,walk等
We watched the soldiers march by.
Time flew by.
A mysterious figure passed by the window.
by (用作副词小品词)构成许多短语动词
someone get by ,表示某人设法在资源最少的情况下生活或生存下来。(Without
a job,how does he get by?)
put money by ,表示把钱存起来以备今后使用。(if I were you I'd put some money by
for your retirement.)
drop by 是表示"拜访"的非正式的说法.(I'll drop by and see how you are.)
by(用作介词 )构成含有习语意思的短语动词:
come by something,表示得到了某物.(How did you come by this first edition of
Nineteen Eighty-Four?)
stand by someone或stick by someone,表示支持某人。('Stand by your man')
swear by something,表示认为某事是可靠的或有效的。(I swear by these new skiboots:
they're fantastic!)
这些词后面经常用by:followed,caused,surrounded,此处还有:surprised,worried,
pleased,impressed.
The house is surrounded by trees.
Were you surprised by the news?
固定短语
by and large...总的来说，大体而言
By and large,AIDS is an economic issue.
泛泛地谈论某事
bit by bit/little by little/step by step 逐渐地，渐渐地
Jane's Spanish is improving bit by bit.
表示某事在逐步地发生。
'by the way ...' 顺便说...
By the way, is it true that you've been promoted?
I'd love to come to dinner.I'm a vegetarian ,by the way.
在对话中引出新的话题或评论。