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  • 框架篇:ByteBuffer和netty.ByteBuf详解

    前言

    数据序列化存储,或者数据通过网络传输时,会遇到不可避免将数据转成字节数组的场景。字节数组的读写不会太难,但又有点繁琐,为了避免重复造轮子,jdk推出了ByteBuffer来帮助我们操作字节数组;而netty是一款当前流行的java网络IO框架,它内部定义了一个ByteBuf来管理字节数组,和ByteBuffer大同小异

    • ByteBuffer
    • 零拷贝之MappedByteBuffer
    • DirectByteBuffer堆外内存回收机制
    • netty之ByteBuf

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    Buffer结构

    public abstract class Buffer {
    	//关系: mark <= position <= limit <= capacity
        private int mark = -1;
        private int position = 0;
        private int limit;
        private int capacity;
        long address; // Used only by direct buffers,直接内存的地址
    
    • mark:调用mark()方法的话,mark值将存储当前position的值,等下次调用reset()方法时,会设定position的值为之前的标记值
    • position:是下一个要被读写的byte元素的下标索引
    • limit:是缓冲区中第一个不能读写的元素的数组下标索引,也可以认为是缓冲区中实际元素的数量
    • capacity:是缓冲区能够容纳元素的最大数量,这个值在缓冲区创建时被设定,而且不能够改变

    Buffer.API

    Buffer(int mark, int pos, int lim, int cap)
    //Buffer创建时设置的最大数组容量值
    public final int capacity()
    //当前指针的位置
    public final int position() 
    //限制可读写大小
    public final Buffer limit(int newLimit)
    //标记当前position的位置
    public final Buffer mark()
    //配合mark使用,position成之前mark()标志的位置。先前没调用mark则报错
    public final Buffer reset()
    //写->读模式翻转,单向的
    //position变成了初值位置0,而limit变成了写模式下position位置
    public final Buffer flip()
    //重置position指针位置为0,mark为-1;相对flip方法是limit不变
    public final Buffer rewind() //复位
    //和rewind一样,多出一步是limit会被设置成capacity
    public final Buffer clear() 
    //返回剩余未读字节数
    public final int remaining()
    

    ByteBuffer结构

    public abstract class ByteBuffer extends Buffer 
    			implements Comparable<ByteBuffer>{
        final byte[] hb;  //仅限堆内内存使用
        final int offset;
        boolean isReadOnly; 
    

    ByteBuffer.API

    //申请堆外内存
    public static ByteBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity)
    //申请堆内内存
    public static ByteBuffer allocate(int capacity) 
    //原始字节包装成ByteBuffer
    public static ByteBuffer wrap(byte[] array, int offset, int length)
    //原始字节包装成ByteBuffer
    public static ByteBuffer wrap(byte[] array)
    //创建共享此缓冲区内容的新字节缓冲区
    public abstract ByteBuffer duplicate()
    //分片,创建一个新的字节缓冲区
    //新ByteBuffer的开始位置是此缓冲区的当前位置position
    public abstract ByteBuffer slice()
    //获取字节内容
    public abstract byte get()
    //从ByteBuffer偏移offset的位置,获取length长的字节数组,然后返回当前ByteBuffer对象
    public ByteBuffer get(byte[] dst, int offset, int length)
    //设置byte内存
    public abstract ByteBuffer put(byte b);
    //以offset为起始位置设置length长src的内容,并返回当前ByteBuffer对象
    public ByteBuffer put(byte[] src, int offset, int length长)
    //将没有读完的数据移到到缓冲区的初始位置,position设置为最后一没读字节数据的下个索引,limit重置为为capacity
    //读->写模式,相当于flip的反向操作
    public abstract ByteBuffer compact()
    //是否是直接内存
    public abstract boolean isDirect()
    
    • ByteBuffer bf = ByteBuffer.allocate(10);`,创建大小为10的ByteBuffer对象
      image.png
    • 写入数据
        ByteBuffer buf ByteBuffer.allocate(10);
        buf.put("csc".getBytes());
    

    image.png

    • 调用flip转换缓冲区为读模式; buf.flip();
      image.png
    • 读取缓冲区中到内容:get(); System.out.println((char) buf.get());
      image.png
      image.png

    零拷贝之MappedByteBuffer

    FileChannel readChannel = FileChannel.open(Paths.get("./cscw.txt"), StandardOpenOption.READ);
    MappedByteBuffer data = readChannel.map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, 0, 1024 * 1024 * 40);
    

    DirectByteBuffer堆外内存回收机制Cleaner

    • 下面我们看看直接内存的回收机制(java8);DirectByteBuffer内部存在一个Cleaner对象,并且委托内部类Deallocator对象进行内存回收
    class DirectByteBuffer extends MappedByteBuffer implements DirectBuffer
    {
    	//构造函数
        DirectByteBuffer(int cap) { 
    		.... //内存分配
            cleaner = Cleaner.create(this, new Deallocator(base, size, cap));
        	...
        }    
        private static class Deallocator implements Runnable{
        	...
        	public void run() {
                if (address == 0) {
                    // Paranoia
                    return;
                }
                unsafe.freeMemory(address); //回收内存
                address = 0;
                Bits.unreserveMemory(size, capacity);
            }
    }
    
    • 细看下Cleaner,继承于PhantomReference,并且在public void clean()方法会调用Deallocator进行清除操作
    public class Cleaner extends PhantomReference<Object> {
        //如果DirectByteBuffer对象被回收,相应的Cleaner会被放入dummyQueue队列
        private static final ReferenceQueue<Object> dummyQueue = new ReferenceQueue();
        //构造函数
        public static Cleaner create(Object var0, Runnable var1) {
            return var1 == null ? null : add(new Cleaner(var0, var1));
        }
        private Cleaner(Object var1, Runnable var2) {
            super(var1, dummyQueue);
            this.thunk = var2;
        }
        private final Runnable thunk;
        public void clean() {
                if (remove(this)) {
                    try {
                        this.thunk.run();
                    } catch (final Throwable var2) {
                    ....
    
    • 在Reference内部存在一个守护线程,循环获取Reference,并判断是否Cleaner对象,如果是则调用其clean方法
    public abstract class Reference<T> 
        static {
            ThreadGroup tg = Thread.currentThread().getThreadGroup();
            for (ThreadGroup tgn = tg; tgn != null; g = tgn, tgn = tg.getParent());
            Thread handler = new ReferenceHandler(tg, "Reference Handler");
            ...
            handler.setDaemon(true);
            handler.start();
            ...
        }
    	...
        //内部类调用 tryHandlePending
        private static class ReferenceHandler extends Thread {
            public void run() {
                        while (true) {
                            tryHandlePending(true);
                        }
                    }
      	... 
        static boolean tryHandlePending(boolean waitForNotify) {
            Cleaner c;
            .... //从链表获取对象被回收的引用
            // 判断Reference是否Cleaner,如果是则调用其clean方法
            if (c != null) {
                c.clean(); //调用Cleaner的clean方法
                return true;
            }
            ReferenceQueue<? super Object> q = r.queue;
            if (q != ReferenceQueue.NULL) q.enqueue(r);
            return true;
    

    netty之ByteBuf

    • ByteBuf原理
    • Bytebuf通过两个位置指针来协助缓冲区的读写操作,分别是readIndex和writerIndex
     *      +-------------------+------------------+------------------+
     *      | discardable bytes |  readable bytes  |  writable bytes  |
     *      |                   |     (CONTENT)    |                  |
     *      +-------------------+------------------+------------------+
     *      |                   |                  |                  |
     *      0 <= readerIndex <= writerIndex <= capacity
    
    • ByteBuf.API
    //获取ByteBuf分配器
    public abstract ByteBufAllocator alloc()
    //丢弃可读字节
    public abstract ByteBuf discardReadBytes()
    //返回读指针
    public abstract int readerIndex()
    //设置读指针
    public abstract ByteBuf readerIndex(int readerIndex);
    //标志当前读指针位置,配合resetReaderIndex使用
    public abstract ByteBuf markReaderIndex()
    public abstract ByteBuf resetReaderIndex()
    //返回可读字节数
    public abstract int readableBytes()
    //返回写指针
    public abstract int writerIndex()
    //设置写指针
    public abstract ByteBuf writerIndex(int writerIndex);
    //标志当前写指针位置,配合resetWriterIndex使用
    public abstract ByteBuf markWriterIndex()
    public abstract ByteBuf resetWriterIndex()
    //返回可写字节数
    public abstract int writableBytes()
    public abstract ByteBuf clear();
    //设置读写指针
    public abstract ByteBuf setIndex(int readerIndex, int writerIndex)
    //指针跳过length
    public abstract ByteBuf skipBytes(int length)
    //以当前位置切分ByteBuf todo
    public abstract ByteBuf slice();
    //切割起始位置为index,长度为length的ByteBuf todo
    public abstract ByteBuf slice(int index, int length);
    //Returns a copy of this buffer's readable bytes. //复制ByteBuf todo
    public abstract ByteBuf copy()
    //是否可读
    public abstract boolean isReadable()
    //是否可写
    public abstract boolean isWritable()
    //字节编码顺序
    public abstract ByteOrder order()
    //是否在直接内存申请的ByteBuf
    public abstract boolean isDirect()
    //转为jdk.NIO的ByteBuffer类
    public abstract ByteBuffer nioBuffer()
    
    • 使用示例
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //分配大小为10的内存
        ByteBuf buf = Unpooled.buffer(10);
        //写入
        buf.writeBytes("csc".getBytes());
        //读取
        byte[] b =  new byte[3];
        buf.readBytes(b);
        System.out.println(new String(b));
        System.out.println(buf.writerIndex());
        System.out.println(buf.readerIndex());
    }
    ----result----
    csc
    3
    3
    
    • ByteBuf初始化时,readIndex和writerIndex等于0,调用writeXXX()方法写入数据,writerIndex会增加(setXXX方法无作用);调用readXXX()方法读取数据,则会使readIndex增加(getXXX方法无作用),但不会超过writerIndex
    • 在读取数据之后,0-readIndex之间的byte数据被视为discard,调用discardReadBytes(),释放这部分空间,作用类似于ByteBuffer的compact方法

    参考文章

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/cscw/p/14532651.html
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