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  • 【转载】dbus介绍与例子

    转自:https://blog.csdn.net/ty3219/article/details/47358329

    总结

      dbus-daemon服务端与各个app客户端之间的关系如下:

      1.dbus-daemon服务端建立unix socket文件,文件地址默认为unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket,app客户端应用通信需要先进行socket文件指定,通过系统环境变量值指定:

        export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS="unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket"

        没有声明环境变量时,会报错:Using X11 for dbus-daemon autolaunch was disabled at compile time, set your DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS instead

      2.dbus-daemon需要知道如何转发消息,/etc/dbus-1/system.d存放这各app的dbus服务接口配置,dbus-daemon启动时会遍历加载目录中的所有配置,加载分发情况

        没有配置服务,某个app注册自身服务名时,会报错:Connection ":1.0" is not allowed to own the service "org.bluez.obex" due to security policies in the configuration file

      3.其他app调用libdbus-api接口,先注册自身服务名,再注册自身各个接口服务。通信其他app时,直接调用dbus_message_new_method_call等传入对方的服务名和接口服务

      4.开源dbus app doc下有xxx-api.txt,D-Bus xxx API description,/etc/dbus-1/system.d里面的配置文件可以根据这个api描述,进行服务配置的模仿

    dbus介绍与例子

      D-bus是一个进程间通信的工具,优点不在这里赘述。

      网上很多关于dbus的帖子都是基于dbus-glib或者QT D-bus的,直接使用dbus的教程比较少。也难怪,因为连D-bus的官网都说:"If you use this low-level API directly, you're signing up for some pain."

      但实际上,直接使用D-bus也没有想象中难。本文将对直接使用D-bus做一个介绍。

    本文参考了其他一些网站的帖子或者介绍

    官网:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus/

    经典例子:http://www.matthew.ath.cx/articles/dbus

    不错的帖子:http://blog.csdn.net/flowingflying/article/details/4527634

    一、概念介绍

      这里虽然说是概念介绍,其实只是我个人对D-bus的一个理解,不一定完整准确。

     1.首先,D-bus可以分成三部分来看,

    (1)dbus-daemon,一个dbus的后台守护程序,用于多个应用之间消息的转发;

    (2)libdbus.so,dbus的功能接口,当你的程序需要使用dbus时,其实就是调用libdbus.so里面的接口;

    (3)高层封装,如dbus-glib和QT D-bus,这些其实都对D-bus的再封装,让你使用起来更方便。

      从D-bus官网下载到源码,其实只包含上面所说的1和2两部分,libdbus.so里面的接口也就是官网说的low-level API。

    2.关于address、bus name、path。。。。

      D-bus里面提到了一些概念,刚开始不太好理解,这些概念也很容易混淆。这些概念的权威解释可以看这里。

      首先,运行一个dbus-daemon就是创建了一条通信的总线Bus。当一个application连接到这条Bus上面时,就产生了Connection。

      每个application里面会有不同的Object。这里Object的概念,可以简单地理解为C++里面一个类的实例。从D-bus的概念上说,通信双方是Object,不是application,一个application是可以包含很多个Object的。

      而一个Object里面又会有不同的Interface,这个Interface我把它理解为Object里面的一个类的成员。这些Interface其实是通信方式的集合。

      这里又牵扯出来一个通信方式,D-bus里面支持的通信方式有两种,一种叫signal,一种叫method。signal简单地讲,其实就是广播,就是一对多的通信方式,可以从app1向其他所有的app发消息,但其他的app是不会对signal进行回复的。method则是一对一的通信,一问一答。这种方式有点像远程调用,app1调用app2的method并传递参数给这个method,获取到这个method返回的结果。

      上面把D-bus通信里面的几个重要元素都介绍了一下,大概的关系是这样的:

     

      几个重要的元素之间的关系都画出来了,那么在程序里面怎么去标识这些元素呢?这里又提出来了一些名词address、bus name、path、Interface name。

    (1)address是用来标识dbus-daemon的。当一个dbus-daemon运行以后,其他的app该怎么连接到这个dbus-daemon,靠的就是address。address的格式要求像这样:unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket。

    (2)bus name是用来标识application的。当一个app1连接上dbus-daemon以后,相当于有了一个Connection,但其他的app2、app3怎么找到app1,靠的就是bus name。这个bus name标识了app1的Connection,也就相当于标识了app1。bus name由两种,一种是已冒号开头的唯一标识,像:34-907这样;另一种是通用的标识,是方便人看的,像com.mycompany.TextEditor。

    (3)path用于标识Object。当app1的Object1要跟app2的Object2通信时,Object1要和Object2通信时,就要告诉dbus-daemon,Object2的path。path的格式像这样,/com/mycompany/TextFileManager,已“/”开头。

    (4)每个Interface都会有自己的名字,也就是interface name,我们通过这个interface name就可以找到这个interface。interface name像这样org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager

    (5)Signal和Method也有自己的名字,这个名字没什么特别的格式要求,随便改个名字就可以了。

      官网上对这些标识列了一个表,如下:

    二、例子

    我在Matthew Johnson和恺风的例子基础上做了修改,如下:

    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
    #include <string.h>
    #include <unistd.h>
    #include <dbus/dbus.h>
    
    
    
    /*
    * listen, wait a call or a signal
    */
    #define DBUS_SENDER_BUS_NAME "com.ty3219.sender_app"
    
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME "com.ty3219.receiver_app"
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH "/com/ty3219/object"
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE "com.ty3219.interface"
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL "signal"
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD "method"
    
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL_RULE "type='signal',interface='%s'"
    #define DBUS_RECEIVER_REPLY_STR "i am %d, get a message"
    
    #define MODE_SIGNAL 1
    #define MODE_METHOD 2
    
    #define DBUS_CLIENT_PID_FILE "/tmp/dbus-client.pid"
    
    /**
    *
    * @param msg
    * @param conn
    */
    void reply_method_call(DBusMessage *msg, DBusConnection *conn)
    {
    DBusMessage *reply;
    DBusMessageIter reply_arg;
    DBusMessageIter msg_arg;
    dbus_uint32_t serial = 0;
    
    pid_t pid;
    char reply_str[128];
    void *__value;
    char *__value_str;
    int __value_int;
    
    int ret;
    
    pid = getpid();
    
    //创建返回消息reply
    reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(msg);
    if (!reply)
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!
    ");
    return;
    }
    
    //在返回消息中填入参数。
    snprintf(reply_str, sizeof(reply_str), DBUS_RECEIVER_REPLY_STR, pid);
    __value_str = reply_str;
    __value = &__value_str;
    
    dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &reply_arg);
    if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, __value))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!
    ");
    goto out;
    }
    
    //从msg中读取参数,根据传入参数增加返回参数
    if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &msg_arg))
    {
    printf("Message has NO Argument
    ");
    goto out;
    }
    
    do
    {
    int ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&msg_arg);
    if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
    {
    dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&msg_arg, &__value_str);
    printf("I am %d, get Method Argument STRING: %s
    ", pid,
    __value_str);
    
    __value = &__value_str;
    if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg,
    DBUS_TYPE_STRING, __value))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!
    ");
    goto out;
    }
    }
    else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
    {
    dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&msg_arg, &__value_int);
    printf("I am %d, get Method Argument INT32: %d
    ", pid,
    __value_int);
    
    __value_int++;
    __value = &__value_int;
    if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg,
    DBUS_TYPE_INT32, __value))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!
    ");
    goto out;
    }
    }
    else
    {
    printf("Argument Type ERROR
    ");
    }
    
    } while (dbus_message_iter_next(&msg_arg));
    
    //发送返回消息
    if (!dbus_connection_send(conn, reply, &serial))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory
    ");
    goto out;
    }
    
    dbus_connection_flush(conn);
    out:
    dbus_message_unref(reply);
    }
    
    /* 监听D-Bus消息,我们在上次的例子中进行修改 */
    void dbus_receive(void)
    {
    DBusMessage *msg;
    DBusMessageIter arg;
    DBusConnection *connection;
    DBusError err;
    
    pid_t pid;
    char name[64];
    char rule[128];
    
    const char *path;
    void *__value;
    char *__value_str;
    int __value_int;
    
    int ret;
    
    pid = getpid();
    
    dbus_error_init(&err);
    //创建于session D-Bus的连接
    connection = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &err);
    if (!connection)
    {
    if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
    printf("Connection Error %s
    ", err.message);
    
    goto out;
    }
    
    //设置一个BUS name
    if (0 == access(DBUS_CLIENT_PID_FILE, F_OK))
    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%d", DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, pid);
    else
    snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s", DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME);
    
    printf("i am a receiver, PID = %d, name = %s
    ", pid, name);
    
    ret = dbus_bus_request_name(connection, name,
    DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &err);
    if (ret != DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER)
    {
    if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
    printf("Name Error %s
    ", err.message);
    
    goto out;
    }
    
    //要求监听某个signal:来自接口test.signal.Type的信号
    snprintf(rule, sizeof(rule), DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL_RULE, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE);
    dbus_bus_add_match(connection, rule, &err);
    dbus_connection_flush(connection);
    if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
    {
    printf("Match Error %s
    ", err.message);
    goto out;
    }
    
    while (1)
    {
    dbus_connection_read_write(connection, 0);
    
    msg = dbus_connection_pop_message(connection);
    if (msg == NULL)
    {
    sleep(1);
    continue;
    }
    
    path = dbus_message_get_path(msg);
    if (strcmp(path, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH))
    {
    printf("Wrong PATH: %s
    ", path);
    goto next;
    }
    
    printf("Get a Message
    ");
    if (dbus_message_is_signal(msg, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL))
    {
    printf("Someone Send me a Signal
    ");
    if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &arg))
    {
    printf("Message Has no Argument
    ");
    goto next;
    }
    
    ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&arg);
    if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
    {
    dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_str);
    printf("I am %d, Got Signal with STRING: %s
    ",
    pid, __value_str);
    }
    else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
    {
    dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_int);
    printf("I am %d, Got Signal with INT32: %d
    ",
    pid, __value_int);
    }
    else
    {
    printf("Argument Type ERROR
    ");
    goto next;
    }
    }
    else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(msg, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD))
    {
    printf("Someone Call My Method
    ");
    reply_method_call(msg, connection);
    }
    else
    {
    printf("NOT a Signal OR a Method
    ");
    }
    next:
    dbus_message_unref(msg);
    }
    
    out:
    dbus_error_free(&err);
    }
    
    /*
    * call a method
    */
    static void dbus_send(int mode, char *type, void *value)
    {
    DBusConnection *connection;
    DBusError err;
    DBusMessage *msg;
    DBusMessageIter arg;
    DBusPendingCall *pending;
    dbus_uint32_t serial;
    
    int __type;
    void *__value;
    char *__value_str;
    int __value_int;
    pid_t pid;
    int ret;
    
    pid = getpid();
    
    //Step 1: connecting session bus
    /* initialise the erroes */
    dbus_error_init(&err);
    
    /* Connect to Bus*/
    connection = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &err);
    if (!connection)
    {
    if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
    printf("Connection Err : %s
    ", err.message);
    
    goto out1;
    }
    
    //step 2: 设置BUS name,也即连接的名字。
    ret = dbus_bus_request_name(connection, DBUS_SENDER_BUS_NAME,
    DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &err);
    if (ret != DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER)
    {
    if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
    printf("Name Err : %s
    ", err.message);
    
    goto out1;
    }
    
    
    if (!strcasecmp(type, "STRING"))
    {
    __type = DBUS_TYPE_STRING;
    __value_str = value;
    __value = &__value_str;
    }
    else if (!strcasecmp(type, "INT32"))
    {
    __type = DBUS_TYPE_INT32;
    __value_int = atoi(value);
    __value = &__value_int;
    }
    else
    {
    printf("Wrong Argument Type
    ");
    goto out1;
    }
    
    
    if (mode == MODE_METHOD)
    {
    printf("Call app[bus_name]=%s, object[path]=%s, interface=%s, method=%s
    ",
    DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
    DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD);
    
    //针对目的地地址,创建一个method call消息。
    //Constructs a new message to invoke a method on a remote object.
    msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(
    DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
    DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD);
    if (msg == NULL)
    {
    printf("Message NULL");
    goto out1;
    }
    
    dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &arg);
    if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&arg, __type, __value))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!");
    goto out2;
    }
    
    //发送消息并获得reply的handle 。Queues a message to send, as with dbus_connection_send() , but also returns a DBusPendingCall used to receive a reply to the message.
    if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(connection, msg, &pending, -1))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!");
    goto out2;
    }
    
    if (pending == NULL)
    {
    printf("Pending Call NULL: connection is disconnected ");
    goto out2;
    }
    
    dbus_connection_flush(connection);
    dbus_message_unref(msg);
    
    //waiting a reply,在发送的时候,已经获取了method reply的handle,类型为DBusPendingCall。
    // block until we receive a reply, Block until the pending call is completed.
    dbus_pending_call_block(pending);
    // get the reply message,Gets the reply, or returns NULL if none has been received yet.
    msg = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending);
    if (msg == NULL)
    {
    printf("Reply Null
    ");
    goto out1;
    }
    
    // free the pending message handle
    dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
    
    // read the Arguments
    if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &arg))
    {
    printf("Message has no Argument!
    ");
    goto out2;
    }
    
    do
    {
    int ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&arg);
    if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
    {
    dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_str);
    printf("I am %d, get Method return STRING: %s
    ", pid,
    __value_str);
    }
    else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
    {
    dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_int);
    printf("I am %d, get Method return INT32: %d
    ", pid,
    __value_int);
    }
    else
    {
    printf("Argument Type ERROR
    ");
    }
    
    } while (dbus_message_iter_next(&arg));
    
    printf("NO More Argument
    ");
    }
    else if (mode == MODE_SIGNAL)
    {
    printf("Signal to object[path]=%s, interface=%s, signal=%s
    ",
    DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL);
    
    //步骤3:发送一个信号
    //根据图,我们给出这个信号的路径(即可以指向对象),接口,以及信号名,创建一个Message
    msg = dbus_message_new_signal(DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
    DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL);
    if (!msg)
    {
    printf("Message NULL
    ");
    goto out1;
    }
    
    dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &arg);
    if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&arg, __type, __value))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!");
    goto out2;
    }
    
    //将信号从连接中发送
    if (!dbus_connection_send(connection, msg, &serial))
    {
    printf("Out of Memory!
    ");
    goto out2;
    }
    
    dbus_connection_flush(connection);
    printf("Signal Send
    ");
    }
    
    out2:
    dbus_message_unref(msg);
    out1:
    dbus_error_free(&err);
    }
    
    static void usage(void)
    {
    #define USAGE "usage: ./dbus-client [send | receive] <param>
    " 
    "	receive -- listen, wait a signal or a method call
    " 
    "		if you want to test signal broadcast, run two receiver like this:
    " 
    "		rm -f /tmp/dbus-client.pid
    " 
    "		./dbus-client receive &
    " 
    "		echo > /tmp/dbus-client.pid
    " 
    "		./dbus-client receive &
    " 
    "	send [mode] [type] [value] -- send a signal or call a method
    " 
    "		mode -- SIGNAL | METHOD
    " 
    "		type -- STRING | INT32
    " 
    "		value -- string or number
    " 
    "		example:
    " 
    "		./dbus-client send SIGNAL STRING hello
    " 
    "		./dbus-client send METHOD INT32 99
    " 
    "
    "
    printf(USAGE);
    }
    
    int main(int argc, char *argv[])
    {
    if (argc < 2)
    {
    usage();
    return -1;
    }
    
    if (!strcmp(argv[1], "receive"))
    {
    dbus_receive();
    }
    else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "send"))
    {
    if (argc < 5)
    {
    usage();
    }
    else
    {
    if (!strcasecmp(argv[2], "SIGNAL"))
    dbus_send(MODE_SIGNAL, argv[3], argv[4]);
    else if (!strcasecmp(argv[2], "METHOD"))
    dbus_send(MODE_METHOD, argv[3], argv[4]);
    else
    usage();
    }
    }
    else
    {
    usage();
    }
    
    return 0;
    }


    三、运行
      想要运行上面的例子,还需要一些步骤。

    (1)运行dbus-daemon

    dbus-daemon的运行需要一个配置文件,这个配置文件稍微有点复杂,这里提供一个最简单的,无任何权限检查的例子debug-allow-all.conf

    <!-- Bus that listens on a debug pipe and doesn't create any restrictions -->
    
    <!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
    "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
    <busconfig>
    <type>session</type>
    
    <listen>unix:tmpdir=/tmp</listen>
    
    <standard_session_servicedirs />
    
    <policy context="default">
    <!-- Allow everything to be sent -->
    <allow send_destination="*" eavesdrop="true"/>
    <!-- Allow everything to be received -->
    <allow eavesdrop="true"/>
    <!-- Allow anyone to own anything -->
    <allow own="*"/>
    <allow user="*"/>
    </policy>
    
    </busconfig>
    

      


      
    执行下面的命令


    ./dbus-daemon --config-file=/path/to/debug-allow-all.conf --fork --print-address
    此时,dbus-daemon就会打印出一句类似这样的话
    unix:path=/tmp/dbus-UXeqD3TJHE,guid=88e7712c8a5775ab4599725500000051

    其实这个就是dbus-daemon的地址,我们需要把这个地址设置到环境变量里面,当你运行app的时候,libdbus.so就会读取这个环境变量,然后连接到这个dbus-daemon上。

    设置环境变量


    export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/tmp/dbus-UXeqD3TJHE,guid=88e7712c8a5775ab4599725500000051

    (2)这个时候你就可以运行上面例子编译出来的程序


    ./dbus-app
    此时,会打印出一些参数信息。这个例子程序其实既可收也可以发,
    作为接收方时运行


    ./dbus-app receive &
    可以运行多个dbus-app作为接收方,这样测试signal时就可以看到多个dbus-app同时受到这个signal了。
    作为发送方时,发送signal

    ./dbus-app send SIGNAL STRING hello

    作为发送方时,调用method

    /dbus-app send METHOD INT32 30

      至此,一个dbus的例子就可以运行起来了,想详细了解这个例子需要自己去看例子的源码。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/cxt-janson/p/11428362.html
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