Python2中while 1比while True更快

1) bool类是从int类继承而来的

2) True/False 在python2中不是关键字，但是在python3是(True,False,None)

PS > python2
Enthought Canopy Python 2.7.11 | 64-bit | (default, Jun 11 2016, 11:33:47) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.kwlist
['and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', 'exec', 'finally', 'for',
'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'print', 'raise', 'return', 'try', 'while',
 'with', 'yield']
>>>

PS > python3
Python 3.5.2 (v3.5.2:4def2a2901a5, Jun 25 2016, 22:01:18) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import keyword
>>> keyword.kwlist
['False', 'None', 'True', 'and', 'as', 'assert', 'break', 'class', 'continue', 'def', 'del', 'elif', 'else', 'except', '
finally', 'for', 'from', 'global', 'if', 'import', 'in', 'is', 'lambda', 'nonlocal', 'not', 'or', 'pass', 'raise', 'retu
rn', 'try', 'while', 'with', 'yield']
>>>

由于Python2中True/False不是关键字，因此我们可以对其进行任意的赋值

>>> True="test"
>>> True
'test'
>>> "test"==True
True
>>> 1==True
False
>>>

3) 由于bool是继承自int的子类，因此为了保证向下兼容性，在进行算术运算中，True/False会被当作int值来执行

>>> del True
>>> True+True
2
>>> False + False
0
>>>

4)While 1 比While True快

import timeit

def while_one():
    i=0
    while 1:
        i+=1
        if i==10000000:
            break

def while_true():
    i=0
    while True:
        i+=1
        if i==10000000:
            break
            
if __name__=="__main__":
    t1=timeit.timeit(while_one,"from __main__ import while_one",number=3)
    t2=timeit.timeit(while_true,"from __main__ import while_true", number=3)
    #t1=timeit.timeit(while_one,"from __main__ import while_one",number=3)
    print "while one : %s 
while true: %s " % (t1,t2)


while one : 1.16112167105 
while true: 1.66502957924 

原因就是前提中提到的关键字的问题。由于Python2中，True/False不是关键字，因此我们可以对其进行任意的赋值，这就导致程序在每次循环时都需要对True/False的值进行检查；而对于1，则被程序进行了优化，而后不会再进行检查。

我们可以通过dis模块来查看while_one和while_true的字节码

import dis

def while_one():
    while 1:
        pass
        
def while_true():
    while True:
        pass
        
if __name__=="__main__":
    print "while_one 
"
    dis.dis(while_one)
    
    print "while_true 
"
    dis.dis(while_true)
    

结果：

while_one 

  4           0 SETUP_LOOP               4 (to 7)

  5     >>    3 JUMP_ABSOLUTE            3
              6 POP_BLOCK           
        >>    7 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             10 RETURN_VALUE        
while_true 

  8           0 SETUP_LOOP              10 (to 13)
        >>    3 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (True)
              6 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       12

  9           9 JUMP_ABSOLUTE            3
        >>   12 POP_BLOCK           
        >>   13 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             16 RETURN_VALUE     

可以看出，正如上面所讲到的，在while True的时候，字节码中多出了几行语句，正是这几行语句进行了True值的检查

而在Python3中，由于True/False已经是关键字了，不允许进行重新赋值，因此，其执行结果与while 1不再有区别

　PS > python3
　Python 3.5.2 (v3.5.2:4def2a2901a5, Jun 25 2016, 22:01:18) [MSC v.1900 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
　Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> from test_while import *
>>> t1=timeit.timeit(while_one,"from __main__ import while_one",number=3)
>>> t2=timeit.timeit(while_true,"from __main__ import while_true", number=3)
>>> t1
3.1002996925072743
>>> t2
3.077654023474544

5) if x==True or if x:

后者比前者快

#! python2
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import timeit

def if_x_eq_true():
    x=True
    if x==True:
        pass
        
def if_x():
    x=True
    if x:
        pass
        
if __name__=="__main__":
    t1=timeit.timeit(if_x_eq_true,"from __main__ import if_x_eq_true", number=1000000)
    t2=timeit.timeit(if_x,"from __main__ import if_x",number=1000000)
    print "if_x_eq_true: %s 
 if_x: %s" % (t1,t2)


if_x_eq_true: 0.186029813246 
if_x: 0.120894725822

字节码：

import dis

def if_x_eq_true():
    x=True
    if x==True:
        pass
        
def if_x():
    x=True
    if x:
        pass   

if __name__=="__main__":
    print "if_x_eq_true 
"
    dis.dis(if_x_eq_true)
    
    print "if_x 
"
    dis.dis(if_x)

结果

if_x_eq_true 

  4           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (True)
              3 STORE_FAST               0 (x)

  5           6 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
              9 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (True)
             12 COMPARE_OP               2 (==)
             15 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       21

  6          18 JUMP_FORWARD             0 (to 21)
        >>   21 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             24 RETURN_VALUE        
if_x 

  9           0 LOAD_GLOBAL              0 (True)
              3 STORE_FAST               0 (x)

 10           6 LOAD_FAST                0 (x)
              9 POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE       15

 11          12 JUMP_FORWARD             0 (to 15)
        >>   15 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             18 RETURN_VALUE