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  • Python: 转换文本编码

    最近在做周报的时候,需要把csv文本中的数据提取出来制作表格后生产图表。

    在获取csv文本内容的时候,基本上都是用with open(filename, encoding ='UTF-8') as f:来打开csv文本,但是实际使用过程中发现有些csv文本并不是utf-8格式,从而导致程序在run的过程中报错,每次都需要手动去把该文本文件的编码格式修改成utf-8,再次来run该程序,所以想说:直接在程序中判断并修改文本编码。

    基本思路:先查找该文本是否是utf-8的编码,如果不是则修改为utf-8编码的文本,然后再处理。

    python有chardet库可以查看到文本的encoding信息:

    detect函数只需要一个 非unicode字符串参数,返回一个字典(例如:{'encoding': 'utf-8', 'confidence': 0.99})。该字典包括判断到的编码格式及判断的置信度。

    import chardet
    
    def get_encode_info(file):
        with open(file, 'rb') as f:
            return chardet.detect(f.read())['encoding']

    不过这个在从处理小文件的时候性能还行,如果文本稍微过大就很慢了,目前我本地的csv文件是近200k,就能明显感觉到速度过慢了,效率低下。不过chardet库中提供UniversalDetector对象来处理:创建UniversalDetector对象,然后对每个文本块重复调用其feed方法。如果检测器达到了最小置信阈值,它就会将detector.done设置为True。一旦您用完了源文本,请调用detector.close(),这将完成一些最后的计算,以防检测器之前没有达到其最小置信阈值。结果将是一个字典,其中包含自动检测的字符编码和置信度(与charde.test函数返回的相同)。

    from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
    
    def get_encode_info(file):
     with open(file, 'rb') as f:
            detector = UniversalDetector()
     for line in f.readlines():
                detector.feed(line)
     if detector.done:
     break
            detector.close()
     return detector.result['encoding']

    在做编码转换的时候遇到问题:UnicodeDecodeError: 'charmap' codec can't decode byte 0x90 in position 178365: character maps to <undefined>

    def read_file(file):
     with open(file, 'rb') as f:
     return f.read()
    
    def write_file(content, file):
     with open(file, 'wb') as f:
            f.write(content)
    
    def convert_encode2utf8(file, original_encode, des_encode):
        file_content = read_file(file)
        file_decode = file_content.decode(original_encode)   #-->此处有问题
        file_encode = file_decode.encode(des_encode)
        write_file(file_encode, file)

    这是由于byte字符组没解码好,要加另外一个参数errors。官方文档中写道:

    bytearray.decode(encoding=”utf-8”, errors=”strict”)

    Return a string decoded from the given bytes. Default encoding is 'utf-8'. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. The default for errors is 'strict', meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and any other name registered via codecs.register_error(), see section Error Handlers. For a list of possible encodings, see section Standard Encodings.

    意思就是字符数组解码成一个utf-8的字符串,可能被设置成不同的处理方案,默认是‘严格’的,有可能抛出UnicodeError,可以改成‘ignore’,’replace’就能解决。

    所以将此行代码file_decode = file_content.decode(original_encode)修改成file_decode = file_content.decode(original_encode,'ignore')即可。

    完整代码:

    from chardet.universaldetector import UniversalDetector
    
    def get_encode_info(file):
     with open(file, 'rb') as f:
         detector = UniversalDetector()
         for line in f.readlines():
             detector.feed(line)
             if detector.done:
                 break
         detector.close()
         return detector.result['encoding']
    
    def read_file(file):
        with open(file, 'rb') as f:
            return f.read()
    
    def write_file(content, file):
        with open(file, 'wb') as f:
            f.write(content)
    
    def convert_encode2utf8(file, original_encode, des_encode):
        file_content = read_file(file)
        file_decode = file_content.decode(original_encode,'ignore')
        file_encode = file_decode.encode(des_encode)
        write_file(file_encode, file)
    
    if __name__ == "__main__":
        filename = r'C:UsersdanvyDesktopAutomation	estdata	est.csv'
        file_content = read_file(filename)
        encode_info = get_encode_info(filename)
        if encode_info != 'utf-8':
            convert_encode2utf8(filename, encode_info, 'utf-8')
        encode_info = get_encode_info(filename)
        print(encode_info)

     参考:https://chardet.readthedocs.io/en/latest/usage.html

      

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/danvy/p/11417782.html
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