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  • java并发编程——BlockingQueue

    概述

    BlockingQueue顾名思义‘阻塞的队列’,是指在:队列的读取行为被阻塞直到队列不为空时,队列的写入行为被阻塞直到队列不满时。BlockingQueue是java.util.concurrent工具包(jdk1.5版本引入,作者:Doug Lea)的重要基础工具,在ThreadPoolExcutor及tomcat等服务端容器中都有使用到。从代码层面剖析BlockingQueue的实现细节。

    类图

    对象存储

    BlockingQueue中的对象可以存放在:数组、链表中,对应的就是ArrayBlockingQueue、LinkedBlockingQueue。

    数组

    ArrayBlockingQueue使用数组作为对象存储的数据结构,数组必须指定大小,故而ArrayBlockingQueue是有界队列。如下代码摘取了ArrayBlockingQueue中对象存取数据结构和核心方法的关键代码,从中可以窥见其实现原理。注意:该示例代码去掉了lock处理,故在多线程场景下,会存在并发问题。

    除去类名上明显标有Linked字样的实现queue,其他queue通常都是用使用数组作为对象存储的数据结构。

     /** The queued items */
        final Object[] items; //使用数组作为对象存储的数据结构,所以是有界队列
    
        /** items index for next take, poll, peek or remove */
        int takeIndex;
    
        /** items index for next put, offer, or add */
        int putIndex;
    
        /** Number of elements in the queue */
        int count;
        
        /**
         * Creates an {@code SimpleArrayQueue} with the given (fixed) capacity.
         *
         * @param capacity the capacity of this queue
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity < 1}
         */
        public SimpleArrayQueue(int capacity) {
            if (capacity <= 0)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            this.items = new Object[capacity];
        }
        
        
        /**
         * Inserts element at current put position, advances
         */
        private void enqueue(E x) {
            // assert lock.getHoldCount() == 1;
            // assert items[putIndex] == null;
            final Object[] items = this.items;
            items[putIndex] = x;
            if (++putIndex == items.length) //在示例代码中,由于没有加上lock判定和计数器判定,如果队列已满,指针会循环寻址,队列中先入的元素可能会被后来的元素覆盖
                putIndex = 0;               //实际的ArrayBlockingQueue不会有该问题,这里的循环寻址配合dequeue的同样逻辑是为了保证队列的FIFO。
            count++;
        }
    
        /**
         * Extracts element at current take position, advances
         */
        private E dequeue() {
            // assert lock.getHoldCount() == 1;
            // assert items[takeIndex] != null;
            final Object[] items = this.items;
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
            E x = (E) items[takeIndex];
            items[takeIndex] = null;
            if (++takeIndex == items.length)
                takeIndex = 0;
            count--;
            return x;
        }
    

      

    链表

    LinkedBlockingQueue使用单向链表作为对象存储的数据结构,可以指定链表的容量,如果不指定,则使用Integer.MAXVALUE,因此,通常可以将LinkedBlockingQueue作为无界队列使用。

    简单的使用单向链表实现queue的示例代码:

        /**
         * Head of linked list. 单向链表的头节点
         * Invariant: head.item == null
         */
        transient Node<E> head;
    
        /**
         * Tail of linked list. 单向链表的尾节点
         * Invariant: last.next == null
         */
        private transient Node<E> last;
        
        /** The capacity bound, or Integer.MAX_VALUE if none */
        private final int capacity;
    
        /** Current number of elements */
        private final AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger();
    	
        /**
         * Linked list node class 单向链表的节点定义
         */
        static class Node<E> {
            E item;
            /**
             * One of:
             * - the real successor Node
             * - this Node, meaning the successor is head.next
             * - null, meaning there is no successor (this is the last node)
             */
            Node<E> next;
            Node(E x) { item = x; }
        }
        
        public SimpleLinkedQueue(int capacity) {
        	this.capacity = capacity;
        	last = head = new Node<E>(null); //将头/尾节点均初始化为空节点
        }
        
        /**
         * Links node at end of queue. 入队
         * @param node the node
         */
        private void enqueue(Node<E> node) {
        	if(count.get() == capacity) {
       		throw new IllegalStateException("Queue full");
        	} else {
                last = last.next = node;    	
                count.incrementAndGet();
        	}
        }
    
        /**
         * Removes a node from head of queue. 出队
         * @return the node
         */
        private E dequeue() {
        	if(count.get()<=0) {
        		throw new IllegalStateException("Queue empty");
        	}
            Node<E> h = head;
            Node<E> first = h.next;
            h.next = h; // help GC
            head = first;
            E x = first.item;
            first.item = null;
            count.getAndDecrement();
            return x;
        }  

    双链表

    LinkedBlockingDeque使用双向链表存储元素,从而可以头/尾两个方向均可出队和入队。

     /** Doubly-linked list node class */
        static final class Node<E> {
            /**
             * The item, or null if this node has been removed.
             */
            E item;
    
            /**
             * One of:
             * - the real predecessor Node
             * - this Node, meaning the predecessor is tail
             * - null, meaning there is no predecessor
             */
            Node<E> prev;
    
            /**
             * One of:
             * - the real successor Node
             * - this Node, meaning the successor is head
             * - null, meaning there is no successor
             */
            Node<E> next;
    
            Node(E x) {
                item = x;
            }
        }
        
        /**
         * Pointer to first node.
         * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
         *            (first.prev == null && first.item != null)
         */
        transient Node<E> first;
    
        /**
         * Pointer to last node.
         * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) ||
         *            (last.next == null && last.item != null)
         */
        transient Node<E> last;
    
        /** Number of items in the deque */
        private transient int count;
    
        /** Maximum number of items in the deque */
        private final int capacity;
        
        /**
         * Creates a {@code LinkedBlockingDeque} with the given (fixed) capacity.
         *
         * @param capacity the capacity of this deque
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code capacity} is less than 1
         */
        public SimpleLinkedDeque(int capacity) {
            if (capacity <= 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException();
            this.capacity = capacity;
        }
        
        /**
         * Links node as first element, or returns false if full.
         */
        private boolean linkFirst(Node<E> node) {
            // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
            if (count >= capacity)
                return false;
            Node<E> f = first;
            node.next = f;
            first = node;
            if (last == null)
                last = node;
            else
                f.prev = node;
            ++count;
            return true;
        }
    
        /**
         * Links node as last element, or returns false if full.
         */
        private boolean linkLast(Node<E> node) {
            // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
            if (count >= capacity)
                return false;
            Node<E> l = last;
            node.prev = l;
            last = node;
            if (first == null)
                first = node;
            else
                l.next = node;
            ++count;
            return true;
        }
    
        /**
         * Removes and returns first element, or null if empty.
         */
        private E unlinkFirst() {
            // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
            Node<E> f = first;
            if (f == null)
                return null;
            Node<E> n = f.next;
            E item = f.item;
            f.item = null;
            f.next = f; // help GC
            first = n;
            if (n == null)
                last = null;
            else
                n.prev = null;
            --count;
            return item;
        }
    
        /**
         * Removes and returns last element, or null if empty.
         */
        private E unlinkLast() {
            // assert lock.isHeldByCurrentThread();
            Node<E> l = last;
            if (l == null)
                return null;
            Node<E> p = l.prev;
            E item = l.item;
            l.item = null;
            l.prev = l; // help GC
            last = p;
            if (p == null)
                first = null;
            else
                p.next = null;
            --count;
            return item;
        }

    对象存取

    BlockingQueue提供了几种通用的对象存取方法,由其子类实现。注意:LinkedBlockingDeque是双向队列,故会提供头/尾两种方式的存/取方法,这里不做讲述。

     

    以ArrayBlockingQueue的实现代码加以说明:

    ArrayBlockingQueue.offer():

        public boolean offer(E e) {
            checkNotNull(e);
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lock();
            try {
                if (count == items.length)
                    return false; //如果队列已满,则返回false,不抛出异常
                else {
                    enqueue(e); //向队列尾部插入元素e
                    return true;
                }
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    

    ArrayBlockingQueue.offer(timeout),带超时的offer:

        public boolean offer(E e, long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
            throws InterruptedException {
    
            checkNotNull(e);
            long nanos = unit.toNanos(timeout);
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lockInterruptibly();  //在lock锁定期间,该生产者线程可以被中断,好处是什么呢?
            try {
                while (count == items.length) {
                    if (nanos <= 0)
                        return false;
                    nanos = notFull.awaitNanos(nanos); //和offer(e)不一样,该方法会等待队列的notFull信号量,但等待时长不会超过设定的timeout时长。
                }
                enqueue(e);
                return true;
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }

    ArrayBlockingQueue.add(): 

        public boolean add(E e) {
            if (offer(e))
                return true;
            else
                throw new IllegalStateException("Queue full"); //队列满,抛出异常
        }
    

    ArrayBlockingQueue.put():

        public void put(E e) throws InterruptedException {
            checkNotNull(e);
            final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
            lock.lockInterruptibly();
            try {
                while (count == items.length)
                    notFull.await(); //队列满时,生产者线程阻塞等待,直到该队列被消费者线程take后,notFull condition被signal触发
                enqueue(e);
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    

     读取对象的的操作方法原理和上面写入对象的类似,不再赘述。  

    ArrayBlockingQueue只有一个锁,对应两个Condition,count计数器也不是Atomic的;

    LinkedBlockQueue有两个锁,一个put,一个take,也有两个Condition,所以put和take之间是不互斥的,但是在遍历和remov、clear操作时需要同时加两把锁;

    理论上,LinkedBlockQueue的put / take性能要好于ArrayBlockingQueue。

    一个问题:是否可以考虑也用两把锁实现ArrayBlockingQueue呢?

    特殊队列

    SynchronousQueue

    SynchronousQueue是一种特殊的队列,其内部实现的Node,不是存储任务对象,而是存放生产者或者消费者线程,或者说这个队列的容量永远是零,因为他规定:一个生产线程,当它生产产品(即put的时候),如果当前没有人想要消费产品(即当前没有线程执行take),此生产线程必须阻塞,等待一个消费线程调用take操作,take操作将会唤醒该生产线程,同时消费线程会获取生产线程的产品(即数据传递),这样的一个过程称为一次配对过程(当然也可以先take后put,原理是一样的)。

    其模型参考:java并发之SynchronousQueue实现原理 

    源码分析-SynchronousQueue 这篇文章讲的特别好。

    DelayQueue

    DelayQueue 对元素进行持有直到一个特定的延迟到期。

    能放入DelayQueue的元素都需要实现Delayed接口,Delayed接口实现了Comparable接口,用处在于在入队时,会根据放入元素的getDelay()返回的延迟时间进行排序,决定元素的排序,以便根据延迟时间从近及远有序出队。

    DelayQueue队列内部实际直接持有了一个PriorityQueue队列,将按照元素的延迟时间长短作为优先级,到期时间最近的元素先出队。

    public class DelayQueue<E extends Delayed> extends AbstractQueue<E>
        implements BlockingQueue<E> {
    
        private final PriorityQueue<E> q = new PriorityQueue<E>();
    

    PriorityBlockingQueue

    具有优先级的无界队列,元素存放在数组中,队列元素必须实现Comparable接口,入队时需要根据元素的compareTo()决定优先级。其他操作同ArrayBlockingQueue。

        private static <T> void siftUpComparable(int k, T x, Object[] array) {
            Comparable<? super T> key = (Comparable<? super T>) x;
            while (k > 0) {
                int parent = (k - 1) >>> 1;
                Object e = array[parent];
                if (key.compareTo((T) e) >= 0)
                    break;
                array[k] = e;
                k = parent;
            }
            array[k] = key;
        }
    

     ConcurrentLinkedQueue vs BlockingQueue

    ConcurrentLinkedQueue是非阻塞的,借助CAS操作实现线程安全,是性能最高的并发队列;

    BlockingQueue是阻塞的队列,提供了阻塞式的put/take api,是天然的实现 consumer/producer模式的队列。当然他也提供了非阻塞式的api,如offer/poll,add/remove。

    ConcurrentLinkedQueue的.size() 是要遍历一遍集合的,很慢的,所以尽量要避免用size,如果判断队列是否为空最好用isEmpty()而不是用size来判断.

    参考:linkedblockingqueue-vs-concurrentlinkedqueue

    聊聊并发(六)ConcurrentLinkedQueue的实现原理分析

     问题

    CLQ 和 LBQ的典型应用场景?

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/daoqidelv/p/6747333.html
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