以数据库 msg 为例,说明 PDO 的数据提取、预处理语句:
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_msg |
+---------------+
| message |
+---------------+
mysql> show create table message G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: message
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `message` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`content` varchar(200) NOT NULL COMMENT '聊天内容',
`flag` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '0-未读 1-已读',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
mysql> show columns from message;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| content | varchar(200) | NO | | NULL | |
| flag | int(11) | NO | | 0 | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> select * from message;
+----+---------+------+
| id | content | flag |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | hello | 1 |
| 2 | world | 1 |
+----+---------+------+
从表中选择数据
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message'); while($row = $stmt->fetch()) { echo $row['id'],'.',$row['content'],'<br />'; }
返回:
1.hello
2.world
说明:
① $db_conn 是 PDO 对象
② $stmt 是 PDOStatement 对象,它代表查询,并获取结果(stmt 有预处理的意思)
③ PDOStatement::fetch() 方法可以 处理大量提取数据的模式
④ fetch() 方法将从结果集中取出一行数据
数据提取模式
fetchAll() 方法可以一次检索所有的行。同时 fetch() 方法 和 fetchAll() 方法 都可以接受 fetch_style 参数,包括:
PDO::FETCH_ASSOC,返回关联数组
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message'); $res = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); var_dump($res);
返回:
array 'id' => string '1' (length=1) 'content' => string 'hello' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
或(fetchAll):
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message'); $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); var_dump($res);
返回:
array 0 => array 'id' => string '1' (length=1) 'content' => string 'hello' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1) 1 => array 'id' => string '2' (length=1) 'content' => string 'world' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
PDO::FETCH_NUM,返回索引数组:
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message'); $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_NUM); var_dump($res);
返回:
array 0 => array 0 => string '1' (length=1) 1 => string 'hello' (length=5) 2 => string '1' (length=1) 1 => array 0 => string '2' (length=1) 1 => string 'world' (length=5) 2 => string '1' (length=1)
PDO::FETCH_BOTH,返回关联数组和索引数组:
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $stmt = $db_conn->query('select * from message'); $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_BOTH); var_dump($res);
返回:
array 0 => array 'id' => string '1' (length=1) 0 => string '1' (length=1) 'content' => string 'hello' (length=5) 1 => string 'hello' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1) 2 => string '1' (length=1) 1 => array 'id' => string '2' (length=1) 0 => string '2' (length=1) 'content' => string 'world' (length=5) 1 => string 'world' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1) 2 => string '1' (length=1)
参数和预处理语句
提取 id = 1 的 message 的信息,要使用一个 预处理语句,告诉 MySQL 这条语句的哪些部分是变量。在运行 PDO::query() 时,组合了 预处理 和 执行步骤:
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'select * from message where id = :msg_id'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); //执行预处理 $stmt->execute(array('msg_id'=>2)); $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); var_dump($res);
返回:
array 0 => array 'id' => string '1' (length=1) 'content' => string 'hello' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
说明:
① 通过传递 SQL 语句作为参数, PDO 对象的 prepare() 方法创建了 PDOStatement($stmt);
② :msg_id 前面的冒号表示这是一个占位符(placeholder);
③ 在实际查询前,会用真正的值来替换占位符
④ execute() 方法执行查询
⑤ 必须为 SQL 中的每一个占位符传入值,需要创建一个与占位符数量相同的元素组成的数组,每个占位符都有一个与之匹配的数组元素,数组元素的键名和占位符一致,数组元素的实际值替换占位符
占位符的另外一种形式:
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'select * from message where id = ? and flag = ?'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); //执行预处理 $stmt->execute(array(2, 1)); $res = $stmt->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); var_dump($res);
返回:
array 0 => array 'id' => string '2' (length=1) 'content' => string 'world' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
说明:
占位符可以不需要名字,而用 ? 为变量保留一个位置作为没有命名的占位符。
当使用预处理时,为占位符传入的值已经溢出(删除了不需要的字符),因为 MySQL 知道这些都是可能改变的值。
绑定值和预处理语句的变量
当使用 不同的值 重复调用 相同的查询 时,只会有很小的系统弄个开销,可以设置一些元素用于每次查询 - PDOStatement::buildValue():
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'select * from message where id = :msg_id and flag = :msg_flag'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); //绑定值 $stmt->bindValue(':msg_id', 1); $stmt->bindValue(':msg_flag', 1); $stmt->execute(); $res = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); $stmt->bindValue('msg_id', 2); $stmt->execute(); $res2 = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); var_dump($res); var_dump($res2);
输出:
array 'id' => string '1' (length=1) 'content' => string 'hello' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1) array 'id' => string '2' (length=1) 'content' => string 'world' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
还可以使用 PDOStatement::bindParam() 将参数和变量绑定:
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'select * from message where id = :msg_id and flag = :msg_flag'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); //绑定值 $stmt->bindParam(':msg_id', $msgid); $stmt->bindValue(':msg_flag', 1); $msgid = 1; $stmt->execute(); $res = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); $stmt->bindValue('msg_id', 2); $stmt->execute(); $res2 = $stmt->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); var_dump($res); var_dump($res2);
输出:
array 'id' => string '1' (length=1) 'content' => string 'hello' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1) array 'id' => string '2' (length=1) 'content' => string 'world' (length=5) 'flag' => string '1' (length=1)
插入一行数据并获取 ID
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'insert into message (content, flag) values (:content, :flag)'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute(array( ':content'=>'诸葛四郎和魔鬼党,到底谁抢到那支宝剑', ':flag'=>2 ) ); echo 'new id: ',$db_conn->lastInsertId();
输出:new id: 3
说明:lastinsertId() 是 PDO 对象而不是 PDOStatement 对象。
注意:插入中文时为避免乱码,需要在实例化 PDO 对象时增加一个参数 $opt:
$dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; $opt = array(PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_INIT_COMMAND => "set names utf8"); try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd, $opt); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); }
返回插入、更新或删除的数据的数量
当执行 Insert、Update、Delete 语句时,可以通过 rowCount() 方法 找出多少行内容已经改变:
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'update message set flag = :flag where flag = 1'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute(array(':flag'=>3)); echo $stmt->rowCount(),' rows uodated.';
输出:2 rows uodated.
说明:rowCount() 方法是 PDOStatement 对象。
删除数据
<?php $dsn = 'mysql:host=localhost;dbname=msg'; $username = 'root'; $pwd = ''; try { $db_conn = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd); }catch (PDOException $e) { echo 'Could not connect to database.<br />'.$e->getMessage(); } $sql = 'delete from message where id = :msgid'; $stmt = $db_conn->prepare($sql); $stmt->execute(array(':msgid'=>2)); echo $stmt->rowCount(),' row(s) deleted.';
输出:1 row(s) deleted.