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  • 【Linux】【Commands】systemd

    1. 系统启动流程:POST --> Boot Sequeue(BIOS) --> Bootloader(MBR) --> Kernel(ramdisk) --> rootfs --> /sbin/init
            init:
                CentOS 5: SysV init
                CentOS 6:Upstart
                CentOS 7:Systemd
                 
    2. Systemd的新特性:
      系统引导时实现服务并行启动;
      按需激活进程;
      系统状态快照;
      基于依赖关系定义服务控制逻辑;
                 
    3. 核心概念:unit
      unit由其相关配置文件进行标识、识别和配置;文件中主要包含了系统服务、监听的socket、保存的快照以及其它与init相关的信息; 这些配置文件主要保存在:
        /usr/lib/systemd/system
        /run/systemd/system
        /etc/systemd/system
                 
    4. unit的常见类型:
      Service unit:文件扩展名为.service,用于定义系统服务;
      Target unit:文件扩展为.target,用于模拟实现“运行级别”;
      Device unit: .device,用于定义内核识别的设备;
      Mount unit: .mount,定义文件系统挂载点;
      Socket unit: .socket,用于标识进程间通信用到的socket文件;
      Snapshot unit: .snapshot, 管理系统快照;
      Swap unit: .swap, 用于标识swap设备;
      Automount unit: .automount,文件系统自动点设备;
      Path unit: .path, 用于定义文件系统中的一文件或目录;
     
    5.关键特性:
      基于socket的激活机制:socket与程序分离;
      基于bus的激活机制;
      基于device的激活机制;
      基于Path的激活机制;
      系统快照:保存各unit的当前状态信息于持久存储设备中;
      向后兼容sysv init脚本;
      /etc/init.d/
                     
      不兼容:
        systemctl的命令是固定不变的;
        非由systemd启动的服务,systemctl无法与之通信;
                 
    6. 管理系统服务:
      CentOS 7: service类型的unit文件;
                 
    7. syscemctl命令:
                        - Control the systemd system and service manager
                         
                        systemctl  [OPTIONS...]  COMMAND  [NAME...]
                         
                            启动: service  NAME  start  ==>  systemctl  start  NAME.service
                            停止: service  NAME  stop  ==> systemctl  stop  NAME.service
                            重启: service  NAME  restart  ==>  systemctl  restart  NAME.service
                            状态: service  NAME  status  ==>  systemctl  status  NAME.service
                            条件式重启:service  NAME  condrestart  ==>  systemctl  try-restart  NAME.service
                            重载或重启服务: systemctl  reload-or-restart  NAME.servcie
                            重载或条件式重启服务:systemctl  reload-or-try-restart  NAME.service
                             
                            查看某服务当前激活与否的状态: systemctl  is-active  NAME.service
                            查看所有已激活的服务:systemctl  list-units  --type  service
                            查看所有服务(已激活及未激活): chkconfig --lsit  ==>  systemctl  list-units  -t  service  --all
                             
                            设置服务开机自启: chkconfig  NAME  on  ==>  systemctl  enable  NAME.service
                            禁止服务开机自启: chkconfig  NAME  off  ==>  systemctl  disable  NAME.service
                            查看某服务是否能开机自启: chkconfig  --list  NAME  ==>  systemctl  is-enabled  NAME.service
                             
                            禁止某服务设定为开机自启: systemctl  mask  NAME.service
                            取消此禁止: systemctl  unmask  NAME.servcie
                             
                            查看服务的依赖关系:systemctl  list-dependencies  NAME.service
                             
    8. 管理target units:
                 
                运行级别:
                    0  ==>  runlevel0.target,  poweroff.target
                    1  ==>  runlevel1.target,  rescue.target
                    2  ==>  runlevel2.tartet,  multi-user.target
                    3  ==>  runlevel3.tartet,  multi-user.target
                    4  ==>  runlevel4.tartet,  multi-user.target
                    5  ==>  runlevel5.target,  graphical.target
                    6  ==>  runlevel6.target,  reboot.target
                     
                级别切换: init  N  ==>  systemctl  isolate  NAME.target
                 
                查看级别: runlevel  ==>  systemctl  list-units  --type  target
                查看所有级别: systemctl  list-units  -t  target  -a
                 
                获取默认运行级别:systemctl  get-default 
                修改默认运行级别: systemctl  set-default   NAME.target
                 
                切换至紧急救援模式: systemctl  rescue
                切换至emergency模式: systemctl  emergency
                 
    9. 其它常用命令:
                关机: systemctl  halt,  systemctl  poweroff
                重启: systemctl  reboot
                挂起: systemctl  suspend
                快照: systemctl  hibernate
                快照并挂起: systemctl  hybrid-sleep
                 
    10. service unit file:
                文件通常由三部分组成:
                    [Unit]:定义与Unit类型无关的通用选项;用于提供unit的描述信息、unit行为及依赖关系等;
                    [Service]:与特定类型相关的专用选项;此处为Service类型;
                    [Install]:定义由“systemctl  enable”以及"systemctl  disable“命令在实现服务启用或禁用时用到的一些选项;
                     
                Unit段的常用选项:
                    Description:描述信息; 意义性描述;
                    After:定义unit的启动次序;表示当前unit应该晚于哪些unit启动;其功能与Before相反;
                    Requies:依赖到的其它units;强依赖,被依赖的units无法激活时,当前unit即无法激活;
                    Wants:依赖到的其它units;弱依赖;
                    Conflicts:定义units间的冲突关系;
                     
                Service段的常用选项:
                    Type:用于定义影响ExecStart及相关参数的功能的unit进程启动类型;
                        类型:
                            simple:
                            forking:
                            oneshot:
                            dbus:
                            notify:
                            idle:
                    EnvironmentFile:环境配置文件;
                    ExecStart:指明启动unit要运行命令或脚本; ExecStartPre, ExecStartPost
                    ExecStop:指明停止unit要运行的命令或脚本;
                    Restart:
                     
                Install段的常用选项:
                    Alias:
                    RequiredBy:被哪些units所依赖;
                    WantedBy:被哪些units所依赖;
                     
            注意:对于新创建的unit文件或,修改了的unit文件,要通知systemd重载此配置文件;
                # systemctl  daemon-reload
                 
            练习:为当前系统的httpd服务提供一个unit文件;
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/demonzk/p/6297328.html
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