Linux的桌面虚拟化技术KVM（一）——新建KVM虚拟机
Linux的桌面虚拟化技术KVM（二）——远程桌面管理
(1).KVM虚拟机克隆
KVM虚拟克隆命令virt-clone [选项]
常用选项：
-o [原虚拟机],--original [原虚拟机] 原虚拟机，必须关闭或暂停状态 -n [新虚拟机],--name [新虚拟机] 新虚拟机 -f [新虚拟机存储文件],--file [新虚拟机存储文件] 新虚拟机使用的磁盘镜像文件
基于centos7.0克隆一台虚拟机centos7.0-bak
[root@youxi1 ~]# ll -h /var/lib/libvirt/images/ 总用量 12G //总共才是12G -rw------- 1 root root 11G 9月 8 11:34 centos7.0.qcow2 -rw------- 1 root root 11G 9月 8 15:53 centos75.img [root@youxi1 ~]# ll -h /var/lib/libvirt/images/ 总用量 12G -rw------- 1 root root 11G 9月 8 11:34 centos7.0.qcow2 -rw------- 1 root root 11G 9月 8 15:53 centos75.img [root@youxi1 ~]# virt-clone -o centos7.0 -n centos7.0-bak -f /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos7.0-bak.img 正在分配 'centos7.0-bak.img' | 10 GB 00:30 成功克隆 'centos7.0-bak'。 [root@youxi1 ~]# ll -h /var/lib/libvirt/images/ 总用量 14G -rw------- 1 root root 1.4G 9月 8 18:23 centos7.0-bak.img //没开启之前才1.4G -rw------- 1 root root 11G 9月 8 11:34 centos7.0.qcow2 -rw------- 1 root root 11G 9月 8 15:53 centos75.img [root@youxi1 ~]# ls /etc/libvirt/qemu/ //查看一下虚拟机的配置文件 autostart centos7.0-bak.xml centos7.0.xml centos75.xml networks
//可以使用vimdiff对比克隆前后的配置文件
[root@youxi1 ~]# vimdiff /etc/libvirt/qemu/centos7.0-bak.xml /etc/libvirt/qemu/centos7.0.xml [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh list --all Id 名称 状态 ---------------------------------------------------- - centos7.0 关闭 - centos7.0-bak 关闭 - centos75 关闭
我这里的Mac是不一样的，启动虚拟机centos7.0-bak和centos7.0
[root@youxi1 ~]# virsh start centos7.0 域 centos7.0 已开始 [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh start centos7.0-bak 域 centos7.0-bak 已开始
用VNC连接一下，查看这两台虚拟机的IP地址
虚拟机centos7.0的IP地址：
虚拟机centos7.0-bak的IP地址：
两者都可以上网。
注意：如果是CentOS6的系统进行克隆，那么只能开启一台，进入系统中去修改IP和MAC地址。
(2).KVM虚拟机快照
KVM快照分两种：1.使用LVM快照，如果分区是LVM，那么利用LVM进行KVM的快照备份；2.使用qcow2格式的镜像创建快照。
快照的作用：1.热备；2.灾难恢复；3.回滚到某个历史节点。
快照使用的空间大小：第一次快照使用的空间最大，之后都是在此基础上空间只占用修改过的数据，类似增量备份。
1）创建快照
所以在快照之前需要确保虚拟机镜像格式为qcow2
[root@youxi1 ~]# qemu-img info /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos75.img
image: /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos75.img
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 10G (10737418240 bytes)
disk size: 1.3G
cluster_size: 65536
Format specific information:
compat: 1.1
lazy refcounts: true
之后对虚拟机创建快照，虚拟机可以是开启状态，也可以是关闭状态。一般建议关机创建快照，因为关机创建快照更快，并且如果开机创建快照需要把内存中的内容写到磁盘上，记录虚拟机此刻的状态。
[root@youxi1 ~]# virsh list --all Id 名称 状态 ---------------------------------------------------- - centos7.0 关闭 - centos7.0-bak 关闭 - centos75 关闭 [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-create centos75 //创建快照 已生成域快照 1567998395 [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-list centos75 名称 生成时间 状态 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1567998395 2019-09-09 11:06:35 +0800 shutoff [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-create-as centos75 httpd //创建快照并起名 已生成域快照 httpd [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-list centos75 名称 生成时间 状态 ------------------------------------------------------------ 1567998395 2019-09-09 11:06:35 +0800 shutoff httpd 2019-09-09 11:08:44 +0800 shutoff
在创建快照时，建议使用virsh snapshot-create-as [虚拟机名称] [快照名称]，方便去辨别该快照的作用和历史节点。另外快照名虽然可以使用中文，但不建议使用。
查看快照占用的空间大小
[root@youxi1 ~]# qemu-img info /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos75.img
image: /var/lib/libvirt/images/centos75.img
file format: qcow2
virtual size: 10G (10737418240 bytes)
disk size: 1.3G
cluster_size: 65536
Snapshot list:
ID TAG VM SIZE DATE VM CLOCK
1 1567998395 0 2019-09-09 11:06:35 00:00:00.000
2 httpd 0 2019-09-09 11:08:44 00:00:00.000
Format specific information:
compat: 1.1
lazy refcounts: true
2）删除快照
[root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-delete centos75 1567998395 //删除掉这个糟糕的快照 已删除域快照 1567998395 [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-list centos75 名称 生成时间 状态 ------------------------------------------------------------ httpd 2019-09-09 11:08:44 +0800 shutoff
3）恢复快照
为了显示出差别，这里我先启动虚拟机，安装httpd
[root@youxi1 ~]# virsh list --all Id 名称 状态 ---------------------------------------------------- 2 centos75 running - centos7.0 关闭 - centos7.0-bak 关闭 [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh console centos75 连接到域 centos75 换码符为 ^] CentOS Linux 7 (Core) Kernel 3.10.0-862.el7.x86_64 on an x86_64 kvm-CentOS7 login: root 密码： Last login: Mon Sep 9 10:09:21 on ttyS0 [root@kvm-CentOS7 ~]# yum -y install httpd [root@kvm-CentOS7 ~]# systemctl status httpd //可以看到httpd服务 ● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled) Active: inactive (dead) Docs: man:httpd(8) man:apachectl(8)
然后关闭虚拟机，执行快照恢复。注意：恢复快照必须关闭虚拟机
[root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-revert centos75 httpd [root@youxi1 ~]# virsh start centos75 --console ...... kvm-CentOS7 login: root 密码： Last login: Mon Sep 9 10:09:21 on ttyS0 [root@kvm-CentOS7 ~]# systemctl status httpd //此时就没有httpd了 Unit httpd.service could not be found.
4）获取或设定当前快照
[root@youxi1 ~]# virsh snapshot-current centos75 //获取
<domainsnapshot>
<name>real-httpd</name>
<state>shutoff</state>
<parent>
<name>httpd</name>
</parent>
<creationTime>1568000560</creationTime>
<memory snapshot='no'/>
<disks>
<disk name='vda' snapshot='internal'/>
<disk name='hda' snapshot='no'/>
</disks>
<domain type='kvm'>
<name>centos75</name>
<uuid>8b7d2976-11a6-42a6-99f1-1f36ab8dd488</uuid>
<memory unit='KiB'>1048576</memory>
<currentMemory unit='KiB'>1048576</currentMemory>
<vcpu placement='static'>1</vcpu>
<os>
<type arch='x86_64' machine='pc-i440fx-rhel7.0.0'>hvm</type>
<boot dev='hd'/>
</os>
<features>
<acpi/>
<apic/>
</features>
<cpu mode='custom' match='exact' check='partial'>
<model fallback='allow'>IvyBridge</model>
</cpu>
<clock offset='utc'>
<timer name='rtc' tickpolicy='catchup'/>
<timer name='pit' tickpolicy='delay'/>
<timer name='hpet' present='no'/>
</clock>
<on_poweroff>destroy</on_poweroff>
<on_reboot>restart</on_reboot>
<on_crash>destroy</on_crash>
<pm>
<suspend-to-mem enabled='no'/>
<suspend-to-disk enabled='no'/>
</pm>
<devices>
<emulator>/usr/libexec/qemu-kvm</emulator>
<disk type='file' device='disk'>
<driver name='qemu' type='qcow2'/>
<source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/centos75.img'/>
<target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x06' function='0x0'/>
</disk>
<disk type='file' device='cdrom'>
<driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
<target dev='hda' bus='ide'/>
<readonly/>
<address type='drive' controller='0' bus='0' target='0' unit='0'/>
</disk>
<controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-ehci1'>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x7'/>
</controller>
<controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-uhci1'>
<master startport='0'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x0' multifunction='on'/>
</controller>
<controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-uhci2'>
<master startport='2'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x1'/>
</controller>
<controller type='usb' index='0' model='ich9-uhci3'>
<master startport='4'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x04' function='0x2'/>
</controller>
<controller type='ide' index='0'>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x01' function='0x1'/>
</controller>
<controller type='virtio-serial' index='0'>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x05' function='0x0'/>
</controller>
<controller type='pci' index='0' model='pci-root'/>
<interface type='bridge'>
<mac address='52:54:00:71:3c:50'/>
<source bridge='br0'/>
<model type='virtio'/>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x03' function='0x0'/>
</interface>
<serial type='pty'>
<target type='isa-serial' port='0'>
<model name='isa-serial'/>
</target>
</serial>
<console type='pty'>
<target type='serial' port='0'/>
</console>
<channel type='unix'>
<target type='virtio' name='org.qemu.guest_agent.0'/>
<address type='virtio-serial' controller='0' bus='0' port='1'/>
</channel>
<input type='mouse' bus='ps2'/>
<input type='keyboard' bus='ps2'/>
<memballoon model='virtio'>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x07' function='0x0'/>
</memballoon>
<rng model='virtio'>
<backend model='random'>/dev/urandom</backend>
<address type='pci' domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x08' function='0x0'/>
</rng>
</devices>
</domain>
</domainsnapshot>