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  • 被我们忽略的HttpSession线程安全问题

    1. 背景

    最近在读《Java concurrency in practice》(Java并发实战),其中1.4节提到了Java web的线程安全问题时有如下一段话:

    Servlets and JPSs, as well as servlet filters and objects stored in scoped containers like ServletContext and HttpSession, 
    simply have to be thread-safe.

    Servlet, JSP, Servlet filter 以及保存在 ServletContext、HttpSession 中的对象必须是线程安全的。含义有两点:

    1)Servlet, JSP, Servlet filter 必须是线程安全的(JSP的本质其实就是servlet);

    2)保存在ServletContext、HttpSession中的对象必须是线程安全的;

    servlet和servelt filter必须是线程安全的,这个一般是不存在什么问题的,只要我们的servlet和servlet filter中没有实例属性或者实例属性是”不可变对象“就基本没有问题。但是保存在ServletContext和HttpSession中的对象必须是线程安全的,这一点似乎一直被我们忽略掉了。在Java web项目中,我们经常要将一个登录的用户保存在HttpSession中,而这个User对象就是像下面定义的一样的一个Java bean:

    public class User {
        private int id;
        private String userName;
        private String password;
        // ... ...
        
        public int getId() {
            return id;
        }
        public void setId(int id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
        public String getUserName() {
            return userName;
        }
        public void setUserName(String userName) {
            this.userName = userName;
        }
        public String getPassword() {
            return password;
        }
        public void setPassword(String password) {
            this.password = password;
        }
    }

    2. 源码分析

    下面分析一下为什么将一个这样的Java对象保存在HttpSession中是有问题的,至少在线程安全方面不严谨的,可能会出现并发问题。

    Tomcat8.0中HttpSession的源码在org.apache.catalina.session.StandardSession.java文件中,源码如下(截取我们需要的部分):

    public class StandardSession implements HttpSession, Session, Serializable {
        // ----------------------------------------------------- Instance Variables
        /**
         * The collection of user data attributes associated with this Session.
         */
        protected Map<String, Object> attributes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
    
       /**
         * Return the object bound with the specified name in this session, or
         * <code>null</code> if no object is bound with that name.
         *
         * @param name Name of the attribute to be returned
         *
         * @exception IllegalStateException if this method is called on an
         *  invalidated session
         */
        @Override
        public Object  getAttribute(String name) {
    
            if (!isValidInternal())
                throw new IllegalStateException
                    (sm.getString("standardSession.getAttribute.ise"));
    
            if (name == null) return null;
    
            return (attributes.get(name));
    
        }
    
       /**
         * Bind an object to this session, using the specified name.  If an object
         * of the same name is already bound to this session, the object is
         * replaced.
         * <p>
         * After this method executes, and if the object implements
         * <code>HttpSessionBindingListener</code>, the container calls
         * <code>valueBound()</code> on the object.
         *
         * @param name Name to which the object is bound, cannot be null
         * @param value Object to be bound, cannot be null
         * @param notify whether to notify session listeners
         * @exception IllegalArgumentException if an attempt is made to add a
         *  non-serializable object in an environment marked distributable.
         * @exception IllegalStateException if this method is called on an
         *  invalidated session
         */
    
        public void setAttribute(String name, Object value, boolean notify) {
    
            // Name cannot be null
            if (name == null)
                throw new IllegalArgumentException
                    (sm.getString("standardSession.setAttribute.namenull"));
    
            // Null value is the same as removeAttribute()
            if (value == null) {
                removeAttribute(name);
                return;
            }
            // ... ...
            // Replace or add this attribute
            Object unbound = attributes.put(name, value);
           // ... ...
       }
       /**
         * Release all object references, and initialize instance variables, in
         * preparation for reuse of this object.
         */
        @Override
        public void recycle() {
            // Reset the instance variables associated with this Session
            attributes.clear();
            // ... ...
        }
        /**
         * Write a serialized version of this session object to the specified
         * object output stream.
         * <p>
         * <b>IMPLEMENTATION NOTE</b>:  The owning Manager will not be stored
         * in the serialized representation of this Session.  After calling
         * <code>readObject()</code>, you must set the associated Manager
         * explicitly.
         * <p>
         * <b>IMPLEMENTATION NOTE</b>:  Any attribute that is not Serializable
         * will be unbound from the session, with appropriate actions if it
         * implements HttpSessionBindingListener.  If you do not want any such
         * attributes, be sure the <code>distributable</code> property of the
         * associated Manager is set to <code>true</code>.
         *
         * @param stream The output stream to write to
         *
         * @exception IOException if an input/output error occurs
         */
        protected void doWriteObject(ObjectOutputStream stream) throws IOException {
            // ... ...
            // Accumulate the names of serializable and non-serializable attributes
            String keys[] = keys();
            ArrayList<String> saveNames = new ArrayList<>();
            ArrayList<Object> saveValues = new ArrayList<>();
            for (int i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
                Object value = attributes.get(keys[i]);
                if (value == null)
                    continue;
                else if ( (value instanceof Serializable)
                        && (!exclude(keys[i]) )) {
                    saveNames.add(keys[i]);
                    saveValues.add(value);
                } else {
                    removeAttributeInternal(keys[i], true);
                }
            }
    
            // Serialize the attribute count and the Serializable attributes
            int n = saveNames.size();
            stream.writeObject(Integer.valueOf(n));
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                stream.writeObject(saveNames.get(i));
                try {
                    stream.writeObject(saveValues.get(i));  
                    // ... ...            
                } catch (NotSerializableException e) {
                    // ... ...               
                }
            }
        }
    }

    我们看到每一个独立的HttpSession中保存的所有属性,是存储在一个独立的ConcurrentHashMap中的:

    protected Map<String, Object> attributes = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();

    所以我可以看到 HttpSession.getAttribute(), HttpSession.setAttribute() 等等方法就都是线程安全的。

    另外如果我们要将一个对象保存在HttpSession中时,那么该对象应该是可序列化的。不然在进行HttpSession的持久化时,就会被抛弃了,无法恢复了:

                else if ( (value instanceof Serializable)
                        && (!exclude(keys[i]) )) {
                    saveNames.add(keys[i]);
                    saveValues.add(value);
                } else {
                    removeAttributeInternal(keys[i], true);
                }

    所以从源码的分析,我们得出了下面的结论:

    1)HttpSession.getAttribute(), HttpSession.setAttribute() 等等方法都是线程安全的;

    2)要保存在HttpSession中对象应该是序列化的;

    虽然getAttribute,setAttribute是线程安全的了,那么下面的代码就是线程安全的吗?

    session.setAttribute("user", user);

    User user = (User)session.getAttribute("user", user);

    不是线程安全的!因为User对象不是线程安全的,假如有一个线程执行下面的操作:

    User user = (User)session.getAttribute("user", user);

    user.setName("xxx");

    那么显然就会存在并发问题。因为会出现:有多个线程访问同一个对象 user, 并且至少有一个线程在修改该对象。但是在通常情况下,我们的Java web程序都是这么写的,为什么又没有出现问题呢?原因是:在web中 ”多个线程访问同一个对象 user, 并且至少有一个线程在修改该对象“ 这样的情况极少出现;因为我们使用HttpSession的目的是在内存中暂时保存信息,便于快速访问,所以我们一般不会进行下面的操作:

    User user = (User)session.getAttribute("user", user);

    user.setName("xxx");

    我们一般是只使用对从HttpSession中的对象使用get方法来获得信息,一般不会对”从HttpSession中获得的对象“调用set方法来修改它;而是直接调用 setAttribute来进行设置或者替换成一个新的。

    3. 结论

    所以结论是:如果你能保证不会对”从HttpSession中获得的对象“调用set方法来修改它,那么保存在HttpSession中的对象可以不是线程安全的(因为他是”事实不可变对象“,并且ConcurrentHashMap保证了它是被”安全发布的“);但是如果你不能保证这一点,那么你必须要实现”保存在HttpSession中的对象必须是线程安全“。不然的话,就存在并发问题。

    使Java bean线程安全的最简单方法,就是在所有的get/set方法都加上synchronized。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/digdeep/p/4429098.html
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