',' 逗号运算符,分隔/或去最后一个等式
while(~scanf("%d",&a)) 析构函数 输入正确执行/输入错误重新输入
自动转换转换为高的类型,或强制转换。
递归函数:把递归条件写下来,特判停止条件和递归条件
exp:Hanoi塔问题
hanoi(n, A, B, C)={mov(1, A, C) n==1
{ hanoi(n-1, A, C, B)
{ mov(n, A, C)
{ hanoi(n-1, B, A, C)
inline 内联函数 用空间换时间/
1.函数体内代码过长不用
2.不宜出现循环
3.递归不能定义为内联函数
4.不宜出现switch复杂控制结构
带默认形参值的函数:
1.自右向左连续定力,右边没定义,左边不能定义。
2.调用时,如果省去一个实参数,右边的都要省略
3.不能重复指定
即int sub(int x = 3, int y = 4);函数原型
调用:sub(20, 15); sub(10),sub(), 不能:sub( , 10)
函数定义:int sub(int x, int y)
{
}//x,y不能指定值
4.同一作用域中不能重复定义默认行参/不同域可以。
5.overload 参数类型(光有这个不行)/行参类型/行参个数---实现不同的功能。绑定 与 绑定的二异性 (自动转换 向高类型有两种)
6.函数模版与模版的实例化 如果模版中有普通参数必须得用显示实例化
template<class T1,class T2>
T1 add(T1 x,T2 y)显示 add<int,double> 隐式 add(9,7)
7.abs() fabs() sqrt() pow() exp() log() ceil() floor() atoi() isalpha() isdigit() 常用函数
8.枚举常量 enum 类型名{枚举常量1,枚举常量2,枚举常量3}不指定默认整数对应。(0,1)指定的后面依次加1
枚举变量 enum city{} city1,city2
enum {} city1,city2
enum city city1 city2
city city1,city2 不赋予初值为无意义的数
枚举变量进行赋值和运算(算完为整数要强制转化) /类型要一致(强制转化)。
9.动态内存分配
int *ip = new int(5);申请一个内存赋初值为5,然后ip指向它
int *ip = new int [5] 指向5个未初始化的int型数据对象的首地址
int (* ip)[4][5]
ip = new int [4][5][6];
int ( * ip )[4]
new int [4][5];
10.释放创建的动态内存
delete ip
delete [] pa;
delete [] pb; //无论什么格式都是这样
1 #include <iostream> 2 3 using namespace std; 4 5 int main() 6 { 7 int m,n; 8 int ** dm; 9 cout<<"input matrix size m,n:"; 10 cin>>m>>n; 11 int i,j; 12 dm = new int * [m]; 13 for(i = 0; i < m; i++) 14 if((dm[i] = new int [n]) == NULL) 15 exit(0); 16 for(i = 0; i < m; i++) 17 { 18 for(int j = 0; j < n; j++) 19 { 20 cin>>dm[i][j]; 21 } 22 } 23 for(i = 0; i < m; i++) 24 { 25 for(j = 0; j <n; j++) 26 cout<<dm[i][j]<<" "; 27 cout<<endl; 28 } 29 for(i = 0; i < m; i++) 30 delete []dm[i]; 31 delete []dm; 32 return 0; 33 }
11.结构体所占的内存为所有成员变量的大小。
struct name
{
long no, birthday;
char name[22];
gender sex;
float score;
};
11.1
在定义时才能整体赋初值,其余只能单独赋初值,不能 s002.name = "LiGuohua";
结构体之间能进行运算赋值
11.2
链表 零碎内存占用
创建头节点: newp = new student;<创建新节点>
newp -> next =NULL;
head = newp;
1 #include <iostream> 2 3 using namespace std; 4 5 struct student 6 { 7 char name[20]; 8 float score; 9 struct student * next; 10 }; 11 12 typedef student NODE; 13 14 NODE *Searchc(NODE * head, int key) 15 { 16 NODE * p; 17 p = head; 18 while(p -> next != NULL) 19 { 20 if(p -> next -> score < key) 21 return p; 22 p = p -> next; 23 } 24 return p; 25 } 26 27 void InsertNode(NODE * p, NODE * newp) 28 { 29 newp -> next = p -> next; 30 p -> next = newp; 31 } 32 33 void DelNode(NODE * p) 34 { 35 NODE * q; 36 if(p -> next != NULL) 37 { 38 q = p -> next; 39 p -> next = q -> next; 40 delete q; 41 } 42 } 43 44 void DelList(NODE * head) 45 { 46 NODE * p; 47 p = head; 48 while(head -> next != NULL) 49 { 50 head = head -> next; 51 delete p; 52 p = head; 53 } 54 delete head; 55 } 56 57 void DispList(NODE * head) 58 { 59 NODE * p; 60 p = head; 61 while(p -> next != NULL) 62 { 63 cout<<p -> next -> name<<" "<<p -> next -> score<<endl; 64 p = p -> next; 65 } 66 } 67 68 int main() 69 { 70 NODE * newp, * head, * p; 71 char name[20]; 72 float score, low=60; 73 if((newp = new NODE) == NULL) 74 { 75 cout<<"new NODE fail!"<<endl; 76 exit(0); 77 } 78 head = newp; 79 head -> next = NULL; 80 cout<<" Input name and score( - 1 to exit): "<<endl; 81 cin>>name>>score; 82 while(score > 0) 83 { 84 if((newp = new NODE) == NULL) 85 { 86 cout<<" new NODE fail!"<<endl; 87 exit(0); 88 } 89 strcpy(newp -> name,name); 90 newp -> score = score; 91 newp -> next = NULL; 92 p = Search(head, score); 93 InsertNode(p, newp); 94 cin>>name>>score; 95 } 96 cout<<"Before delete: "<<endl; 97 DispList(head); 98 for(p = Search(head, low); p -> next != NULL; p = Search(head, low)) 99 DelNode(p); 100 cout<<"After delete:"<<endl; 101 DispList(head); 102 DelList(head); 103 return 0; 104 }
12.
共用体类型