栈是元素的有序集合,添加操作与移除操作都发生在其顶端,先进后出
栈操作:创建空栈,增删(顶端),查(顶端元素,元素个数,是否为空)
应用:将十进制数转换成任意进制数
1 class Stack: 2 # 用列表创建一个空栈 3 def __init__(self): 4 self.items = [] 5 6 # 将一个元素添加到栈的顶端 7 def push(self, item): 8 self.item.append(item) 9 10 # 将栈顶端的元素移除 11 def pop(self): 12 return self.items.pop() 13 14 # 返回栈顶端的元素 15 def peek(self): 16 return self.items[len(self.items) - 1] 17 18 # 返回栈中元素的个数 19 def size(self): 20 return len(self.items) 21 22 # 判断栈是否为空,是返回True,否则返回False 23 def is_empty(self): 24 return self.items == []
队列是元素的有序集合,添加操作发生在其尾部,移除操作发生在头部,先进先出
队列操作:创建空队列,增(底端),删(顶端),查(元素个数, 是否为空,)
应用:模拟打印任务,知晓打印机的打印速度,打印任务个数随机产生-> 学生平均需要等待多久才能拿到打印好的文章
class Queue: def __init__(self): self.items = [] # 在队列底端插入元素 def enqueue(self, item): self.items.insert(0, item) # 在队列顶端删除元素 def dequeue(self): return self.items.pop() def size(self): return len(self.items) def isEmpty(self): return self.items == []
双端队列是元素的有序集合,其任何一端都允许添加和移除元素
双端队列操作:创建一个空双端队列,增(前,后),删(前,后),查(元素个数,是否为空)
应用:回文检测器
class Deque: def __init__(self): self.items = [] # 前端加入元素 def add_front(self, item): self.items.append(item) # 后端加入元素 def add_rear(self, item): self.items.insert(0, item) def remove_front(self): return self.items.pop() def remove_rear(self): return self.items.pop(0) def size(self): return len(self.items) def is_empty(self): return self.items == []
无序列表是元素的集合,其中每一个元素都有一个相对于其他元素的位置,无序列表需要维持元素之间的相对位置,但是并不需要在连续的内存空间中维护这些位置信息
无序列表操作:创建一个空列表,增(头部添加,末尾添加,在确定位置添加),删(移除某元素,移除末尾元素,移除指定位置元素),
查(元素个数,搜索某元素,查询是否为空,查询某个元素的下标)
单链表:必须指明第一个元素的位置,最后一个元素需要知道自己没有下一个元素
节点是构建链表的基本数据结构
节点组成:元素(数据变量) + 指向下一个节点的引用(也是一个对象), 尾节点只有元素,引用为None
节点操作:访问(元素,指向下一个节点的引用),修改(元素,指向下一个节点的引用)
class Node: def __init__(self, init_data): self.data = init_data self.next = None class UnorderedList(): def __init__(self): self.head = None # 头节点,用于存储节点对象 def add(self, item): """链表头部添加元素""" node = Node(item) # 创建一个新节点 node.next = self.head # 将新节点引用从None改为指向待添加列表中的第一个节点 self.head = node # 新创建的节点自动成为新列表的第一个节点,因此将头节点,指向新创建的节点 def append(self, item): """链表尾部添加元素""" node = Node(item) if self.head is None: self.head = node else: current = self.head # 获得第一个节点对象 while current.next is not None: # 判断节点对象的引用属性是否为None current = current.next # 获得下一个节点对象,用列表中的列表理解 current.next = node def insert(self, pos, item): """指定位置添加元素""" if pos <= 0: self.add(item) elif pos > self.length() - 1: self.append(item) else: current = self.head count = 0 while count < pos - 1: count += 1 current = current.next # 循环退出后,pre指向pos-1的位置 node = Node(item) node.next = current.next current.next = node def remove(self, item): """删除指定元素""" current = self.head previous = None while True: if current.data == item: break else: previous = current current = current.next if previous is None: self.head = current.next else: previous.next = current.next def pop(self, pos=None): """删除指定位置的元素,不传参数则默认删除末尾元素""" current = self.head previous = None if pos is None: while True: if current.next is None: break else: previous = current current = current.next if previous is None: self.head = None else: previous.next = current.next elif pos == 0: self.head = current.next else: for i in range(pos): previous = current current = current.next previous.next = current.next return current.data def length(self): """获取链表元素个数,即节点个数""" current = self.head count = 0 while current is not None: count += 1 current = current.next return count def search(self, item): """查询某位元素是否存在""" current = self.head while current is not None: if current.data == item: return True else: current = current.next return False def is_empty(self): """查询链表是否为空""" return self.head is None def index(self, item): """查询某元素的下标""" pos = 0 current = self.head while True: if current.data is item: break else: current = current.next pos += 1 return pos
有序列表:通常以升序或降序排列
有序列表操作:创建一个空有序列表,增(添加某元素,并保持整个列表顺序),删(移除某元素,移除末尾元素,移除指定位置元素)
查(某元素是否存在,列表是否为空,元素的个数,元素的下标)
class Node: def __init__(self, init_data): self.data = init_data self.next = None class OrderedList(): def __init__(self): self.head = None # 头节点,用于存储节点对象 def add(self, item): """添加某元素,并保持整个列表顺序""" current = self.head previous = None stop = False while current is not None and not stop: if current.data > item: stop = True else: previous = current current = current.next node = Node(item) # 创建一个新节点 if previous is None: node.next = self.head self.head = node else: node.next = current previous.next = node def remove(self, item): """删除指定元素""" current = self.head previous = None while True: if current.data == item: break else: previous = current current = current.next if previous is None: self.head = current.next else: previous.next = current.next def pop(self, pos=None): """ 删除指定位置的元素,不传参数则默认删除末尾元素 """ current = self.head previous = None if pos is None: while True: if current.next is None: break else: previous = current current = current.next if previous is None: self.head = None else: previous.next = current.next elif pos == 0: self.head = current.next else: for i in range(pos): previous = current current = current.next previous.next = current.next return current.data def length(self): """获取链表元素个数,即节点个数""" current = self.head count = 0 while current is not None: count += 1 current = current.next return count def search(self, item): """查询某位元素是否存在""" current = self.head found = False stop =False while current is not None and not found and not stop: if current.data == item: found = True else: if current.data > item: stop = True else: current = current.next return found def is_empty(self): """查询链表是否为空""" return self.head is None def index(self, item): """查询某元素的下标""" pos = 0 current = self.head while True: if current.data is item: break else: current = current.next pos += 1 return pos