1.翻译
在段落翻译时，为了能充分的表达中文的含义，汉译英时有必要增加词语来使英文的表达更加顺畅。
例如：感冒可以通过人的手传染
译文为：Flu can be spread by hand contact.
其中 contact 就是根据译文需要添加上的。
2.减词
译文的增词，减词都是为了更确切，更忠实的表达原文的含义和精神。
例如：“百姓出现做饭点火难现象”中的“现象”一词可以省略，只译成“people do not even have match to light their stoves" 就足以表达文中的信息。
3，词类转换
词类变形和转换，是英语语言的一个很重要的特点，特别是名词，动词，形容词这三种最重要的词类，大部分可以直接转换使用，或者稍加变化（前缀，后缀） 即可转换为另一种词类。
例如：他的演讲给我们的印象很深。
his speech impressed us deeply
汉语句子中印象是名词，英语则变成了动词
4.语态转换
汉译英时，人们常常会简单的认为只要按照原句的语态处理就行了。
事实上，在英文中被动语态的使用频率要远远高于汉语。所以我们在汉译英时需要灵活运用语态之间的转换
例如：门锁好了。The door has been looked up。
这里就译了门被人锁好的意义
5.语序变换
为了适应引文的修辞避免歧义，有时需要对原文的语序进行调整
6.分译和合译
考生在遇到较长的句子或较复杂的句子时，可以考虑分译，以使译文简洁，通俗易懂。
同时考生也可以把汉语的两个较简短的句子合译成一句英文，可以用连接词来连接
7.正反表达翻译
正反表达翻译可以分为两种情况：1.汉语从正面表达，英语从反面表达
2.汉语从反面表达，译文从正面表达。
例如，他的演讲不充实
His speech is pretty thin
2.作文
1.避免空洞的语言和句子
2.用简洁替换繁琐的表达
3.尽量避免使用同样的词汇
写作开头：
1.For many years ,people insisted that ...perhaps it's time for us to have a new thought on ...
2.Once in(a book ,a newspaper),I noticed that ...has aroused widely public attention
3.when we discuss ...,most people think that ...while others regard ...as.... ,as far as I am concerned /however I personally think that
4.According to Thomas Edison ,a legendary inventor,"A contented mind is the greastest blessing a man can enjoy in this world "知足是人生在世最大的幸事“ ，however ，it seems to me。。。
5.Should ..what...？ Opinions vary greatly among different people ,some may say ... while others disapprove,but in my opinion 设问引出观点
中间段
1.in regard to this(problem),I think we should take some effective measures .For one thing,...,For another... ,Last but not least ...问题解决式
2.They may point out that ... Others ever argue that ..And I won't deny it since ...However form my point of view(可分点陈述，但注意条例）对比陈述观点式
3.But we should take consideration of both advantages and disadvantage of this (主题事物，比如说汽车，网络）。The negative influence can be as plain as the nose on your face ,like ...,however,we are also enjoying the benefit of it .For instance
4.Considering all the aspects ,I can present three reasons for this phenomenon first and foremost /,second ; last 原因陈述句
注意观点不能太过于偏激或者武断，考虑多方面
结尾段
1.From what has been mentioned above /Taking all these factors intto considerations ,we can come to the conclusion that -万能总结式
2.All in all,it is high time that we put an end to this (根据主题） 提出建议式
3.There is no doubt that special emphasis should be put on the improvement of (某现象，某问题）If we keep ignoring it,sooner or later we will suffer the consequence 强调主题式
4.It is hard to say whether ...is good or not since it highly depends on the specific conditions However ,from my prespective ...观点表达式
结尾最好来一个兼收并蓄，表现自己的辩证思维，但也一定要坚持主主流观点。点题很重要，千万不要思维一跑就收不回来，实在没辙了，结尾处再拉一拉收回来。
3.阅读
1.因果关系
因：because , because of ,for,as, since ,in that, on account of, with
果：so ,so that ,therefore, there by ,as a result ,hence ,thus, consequently,accordingly
因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐形因果同样式不可忽略的一个重要的部分。
隐形因果
1.cause ,reason ,lead to,give rise to,result in,render,make,let ,ask,push,stimulate,fuel produce
2.由..而来：result from,derive from ,originate from ,initate from, stem from ,be attributable to
3.反映 体现：reflect present, demonstart ,suggest ,imply
4.考虑到 given，considering ,in view of, thanks to ,according to
5.依赖于：rely on ,depend on,resort to
6.条件关系:when,once ,as soon as, as long as
7.分词短语，不定式做状语：Failing in the final exam, she cried
2.对比转折
1.while,whereas, on the other hand
2.but ,althoughj nevertheless however
万能模板
1.阐述观点：别人的 People's view on 别人的观点 vary from person to person.Some hold that 一种观点.However,other believe that 另一种观点。as far as I'm concerned we should attach more importance to
2.表达优缺点：Gererally，its advantage can be seen as follow First it is
But every coin has two sides .The negative aspects are also apparent .One of the important disadvantages is that
3.People hava figured out many ways to solve 什么什么问题，Only in these ways can we
There is no doubt that the best way to solve the problem is
4. It is obvious that the picture table is trying to tel us