1. 对象 _dict_
object.__dict__一般是字典或其他映射对象，用来存储一个对象(可写的)的属性。
A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object’s (writable) attributes.
内建类型对象中是不存在这个属性的。内建对象访问会出现AttributeError错误。
>>> lst = [1, 2]
>>> lst.__dict__
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'list' object has no attribute '__dict__'
类对象的Class.__dict__只返回当前类的属性字典，但不包含其基类的属性。dir(Class)会返回当前类以及它的所有基类的类属性名，即当前类及所有基类的__dict__键值。
实例对象的obj.__dict__返回实例对象绑定的属性字典。dir(obj)会返回实例属性和构造类以及所有基类的属性列表。
class ClassA:
num_A = 1
def foo_A(self):
pass
def __str__(self):
return 'this is ClassA'
class ClassB(ClassA):
num_B = 2
def __init__(self, name='ClassB'):
self.name = name
def foo_B(self):
pass
print(ClassB.__dict__) # 类对象的__dict__不包含基类的属性
# {'__module__': '__main__', 'num_B': 2, '__doc__': None, 'foo_B':
# <function ClassB.foo_B at 0x7f1a78dadbf8>, '__init__': <function ClassB.__init__ at 0x7f1a78dadb70>}
print(dir(ClassB)) # 会返回当前类以及它的所有基类的`__dict__`键值列表
# ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__',
# '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__',
# '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__',
# '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__',
# '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'foo_A', 'foo_B', 'num_A', 'num_B']
objB = ClassB()
print(objB.__dict__)
# {'name': 'ClassB'}
objB.grade = 123 # 运行时增加实例属性
print(objB.__dict__)
# {'grade': 123, 'name': 'ClassB'}
print(dir(objB))
# ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__',
# '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__',
# '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__',
# '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'foo_A', 'foo_B', 'name', 'num_A', 'num_B']
lst = dir(objB)
lst.remove('name')
lst.remove('grade')
print(lst == dir(ClassB)) # dir(obj)除去obj绑定的属性和dir(class)得到内容的一样
# True
### 2. dir() 方法
dir([object])：
Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to
return a list of valid attributes for that object.
不带参数时，返回当前范围内名称列表；
带参数时，返回对象有效属性的列表。
If the object has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of
attributes. This allows objects that implement a custom __getattr__() or __getattribute__() function to
customize the way dir() reports their attributes.
如果参数对象有方法__dir__()，该方法将被调用。
If the object does not provide __dir__(), the function tries its best to gather information from the
object’s __dict__ attribute, if defined, and from its type object. The resulting list is not
necessarily complete, and may be inaccurate when the object has a custom __getattr__().
如果对象没有__dir__()方法
The default dir() mechanism behaves differently with different types of objects, as it attempts to
produce the most relevant, rather than complete, information:
If the object is a module object, the list contains the names of the module’s attributes.
作用于模块
If the object is a type or class object, the list contains the names of its attributes, and
recursively of the attributes of its bases.
作用于类对象
Otherwise, the list contains the object’s attributes’ names, the names of its class’s attributes,
and recursively of the attributes of its class’s base classes.
作用与实例对象
dir()不带参数时，返回当前范围内名称列表。和locals()，vars()不带参数类似，后面返回的是 {名称列表，值} 的字典。dir(module)作用于模块时，返回模块的属性列表。即模块struct.__dict__的键值列表。
import struct
print(dir()) # show the names in the module namespace
# ['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__',
# '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'struct']
print(set(locals().keys()) == set(dir()))
# True
print(dir(struct)) # show the names in the struct module
# ['Struct', '__all__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__loader__', '__name__',
# '__package__', '__spec__', '_clearcache', 'calcsize', 'error', 'iter_unpack', 'pack', 'pack_into',
# 'unpack', 'unpack_from']
print(set(dir(struct)) == set(struct.__dict__.keys()))
# True
- 当
dir(obj)作用与实例对象，且它的构造类或基类有__dir__方法，dir(obj)返回自定义的列表内容。
class ClassA:
num_A = 1
def foo_A(self):
pass
def __str__(self):
return 'this is ClassA'
def __dir__(self):
return ['height', 'color', '222']
class ClassB(ClassA):
num_B = 2
def __init__(self, name='ClassB'):
self.name = name
def foo_B(self):
pass
objB = ClassB()
objB.grade = 123
print(dir(objB))
# ['222', 'color', 'height']
4）当dir(obj)作用于实例对象，且它的构造类或基类没有__dir__方法，则dir(obj)返回obj的实例属性，还有构造类及基类的类属性。
5）当dir(class作用于类对象，返回当前类及所有基类的类属性列表。
class ClassA:
num_A = 1
def foo_A(self):
pass
def __str__(self):
return 'this is ClassA'
# def __dir__(self):
# return ['height', 'color', '222']
class ClassB(ClassA):
num_B = 2
def __init__(self, name='ClassB'):
self.name = name
def foo_B(self):
pass
print(dir(ClassB))
# ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__',
# '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__',
# '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__',
# '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__','__setattr__', '__sizeof__',
# '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'foo_A', 'foo_B', 'num_A', 'num_B']
objB = ClassB()
objB.grade = 123
print(dir(objB))
# ['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__',
# '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__',
# '__hash__', '__init__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__',
# '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__',
# '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'foo_A',
# 'foo_B', 'grade', 'name', 'num_A', 'num_B']
### 3. [vars()](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/functions.html?highlight=vars#vars) 和 [locals()](https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/functions.html?highlight=vars#locals) `vars([object])`:
Return the __dict__ attribute for a module, class, instance, or any other object with a __dict__
attribute.
Objects such as modules and instances have an updateable __dict__ attribute; however, other objects may
have write restrictions on their __dict__ attributes (for example, classes use a types.MappingProxyType
to prevent direct dictionary updates).
Without an argument, vars() acts like locals(). Note, the locals dictionary is only useful for reads
since updates to the locals dictionary are ignored.
vars([object])就是返回对象__dict__的内容，无论是类对象还是实例对象，vars([object]) == object.__dict__。当然，参数对象需要有一个__dict__属性。同样的，内建对象没有__dict__属性会报TypeError错误。
>>> lst = [1, 2]
>>> vars(lst)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: vars() argument must have __dict__ attribute
class ClassA:
num_A = 1
def foo_A(self):
pass
def __str__(self):
return 'this is ClassA'
# def __dir__(self):
# return ['height', 'color', '222']
class ClassB(ClassA):
num_B = 2
def __init__(self, name='ClassB'):
self.name = name
def foo_B(self):
pass
objB = ClassB()
objB.grade = 123
print(vars(ClassB) == ClassB.__dict__)
# True
print(vars(objB) == objB.__dict__)
# True
locals()返回调用者当前局部名称空间的字典。在一个函数内部，局部名称空间代表在函数执行时候定义的所有名字，locals()函数返回的就是包含这些名字的字典。
Update and return a dictionary representing the current local symbol table. Free variables are returned by locals() when it is called in function blocks, but not in class blocks.
Note
The contents of this dictionary should not be modified; changes may not affect the
values of local and free variables used by the interpreter.
print(locals())
# {'__name__': '__main__', '__file__': '/home/eliefly/PycharmProjects/test_folder/test.py',
# '__spec__': None, '__cached__': None, '__doc__': None,
# '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x7fadedf59518>,
# '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>, '__package__': None}
print(vars() == locals())
# True