Speed of INSERT Statements

The time required for inserting a row is determined by the following factors, where the numbers indicate approximate proportions:

• Connecting: (3)

• Sending query to server: (2)

• Parsing query: (2)

• Inserting row: (1 × size of row)

• Inserting indexes: (1 × number of indexes)

• Closing: (1)

This does not take into consideration the initial overhead to open tables, which is done once for each concurrently running query.

The size of the table slows down the insertion of indexes by log N, assuming B-tree indexes.

You can use the following methods to speed up inserts:

• If you are inserting many rows from the same client at the same time, use INSERT statements with multiple VALUES lists to insert several rows at a time. This is considerably faster (many times faster in some cases) than using separate single-row INSERT statements. If you are adding data to a nonempty table, you can tune the bulk_insert_buffer_size variable to make data insertion even faster. See Section 5.1.3, “Server System Variables”.

• If multiple clients are inserting a lot of rows, you can get higher speed by using the INSERT DELAYED statement. See Section 12.2.5.2, “INSERT DELAYED Syntax”.

• For a MyISAM table, you can use concurrent inserts to add rows at the same time that SELECT statements are running, if there are no deleted rows in middle of the data file. See Section 7.7.3, “Concurrent Inserts”.

• When loading a table from a text file, use LOAD DATA INFILE. This is usually 20 times faster than using INSERT statements. See Section 12.2.6, “LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax”.

• With some extra work, it is possible to make LOAD DATA INFILE run even faster for a MyISAM table when the table has many indexes. Use the following procedure:

  1. Optionally create the table with CREATE TABLE.

  2. Execute a FLUSH TABLES statement or a mysqladmin flush-tables command.

  3. Use myisamchk --keys-used=0 -rq /path/to/db/tbl_name. This removes all use of indexes for the table.

  4. Insert data into the table with LOAD DATA INFILE. This does not update any indexes and therefore is very fast.

  5. If you intend only to read from the table in the future, use myisampack to compress it. See Section 13.5.3.3, “Compressed Table Characteristics”.

  6. Re-create the indexes with myisamchk -rq /path/to/db/tbl_name. This creates the index tree in memory before writing it to disk, which is much faster that updating the index during LOAD DATA INFILE because it avoids lots of disk seeks. The resulting index tree is also perfectly balanced.

  7. Execute a FLUSH TABLES statement or a mysqladmin flush-tables command.

  LOAD DATA INFILE performs the preceding optimization automatically if the MyISAM table into which you insert data is empty. The main difference between automatic optimization and using the procedure explicitly is that you can let myisamchk allocate much more temporary memory for the index creation than you might want the server to allocate for index re-creation when it executes the LOAD DATA INFILE statement.

  You can also disable or enable the nonunique indexes for a MyISAM table by using the following statements rather than myisamchk. If you use these statements, you can skip the FLUSH TABLE operations:

  ALTER TABLE tbl_name DISABLE KEYS; ALTER TABLE tbl_name ENABLE KEYS; 

• To speed up INSERT operations that are performed with multiple statements for nontransactional tables, lock your tables:

  LOCK TABLES a WRITE; INSERT INTO a VALUES (1,23),(2,34),(4,33); INSERT INTO a VALUES (8,26),(6,29); ... UNLOCK TABLES; 

  This benefits performance because the index buffer is flushed to disk only once, after all INSERT statements have completed. Normally, there would be as many index buffer flushes as there are INSERT statements. Explicit locking statements are not needed if you can insert all rows with a single INSERT.

  To obtain faster insertions for transactional tables, you should use START TRANSACTION and COMMIT instead of LOCK TABLES.

  Locking also lowers the total time for multiple-connection tests, although the maximum wait time for individual connections might go up because they wait for locks. Suppose that five clients attempt to perform inserts simultaneously as follows:

  • Connection 1 does 1000 inserts

  • Connections 2, 3, and 4 do 1 insert

  • Connection 5 does 1000 inserts

  If you do not use locking, connections 2, 3, and 4 finish before 1 and 5. If you use locking, connections 2, 3, and 4 probably do not finish before 1 or 5, but the total time should be about 40% faster.

  INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE operations are very fast in MySQL, but you can obtain better overall performance by adding locks around everything that does more than about five successive inserts or updates. If you do very many successive inserts, you could do a LOCK TABLES followed by an UNLOCK TABLES once in a while (each 1,000 rows or so) to permit other threads to access table. This would still result in a nice performance gain.

  INSERT is still much slower for loading data than LOAD DATA INFILE, even when using the strategies just outlined.

• To increase performance for MyISAM tables, for both LOAD DATA INFILE and INSERT, enlarge the key cache by increasing the key_buffer_size system variable. See Section 7.9.2, “Tuning Server Parameters”.