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  • Python全栈之路系列之面向对象运算符重载

    运算符重载的概念如下:

    1. 运算符重载让类拦截常规的Python运算;
    2. 类可重载所有Python表达式运算符;
    3. 类也可重载打印、函数调用、属性点号运算等内置运算;
    4. 重载是类实例的行为想内置类型;
    5. 重载是通过提供特殊名称的类方法来实现的;

    常见的运算符重载方法

    方法重载调用
    __init__ 构造函数 对象建立:X = Class(args)
    __del__ 解析函数 X对象收回
    __add__ 运算符+ 如果没有__iadd__,X+Y,X+=Y
    __or__ 运算符或 如果没有__ior__
    __repr__,__str__ 打印、转换 print(X)、repr(X)、str(X)
    __call__ 函数调用 X(*args, **kwargs)
    __getattr__ 点号运算 X.undefined
    __setattr__ 属性赋值语句 X.any = value
    __delattr__ 属性删除 del X.any
    __getattribute__ 属性获取 X.any
    __getitem__ 索引运算 X[key],X[i:j],没__iter__时的for循环和其他迭代器
    __setitem__ 索引赋值语句 X[key]=value,X[i:k]=sequence
    __delitem__ 索引和分片删除 del X[key], del X[i:j]
    __len__ 长度 len(X),如果没有__bool__,真值测试
    __bool__ 布尔测试 bool(X),真测试
    __lt____gt____le____ge____eq____ne__ 特定的比较 X<Y,X>Y…
    __radd__ 右侧加法 Other + X
    __iadd__ 增强的加法 X += Y
    __iter____next__ 迭代环境 I=iter(X),next(I)
    __contains__ 成员关系测试 item in X(任何可迭代对象)
    __index__ 整数值 hex(X),bin(X),oct(X),o[X],O[X:]
    __enter__,__exit__ 环境管理器 with obj as var:
    __get__,__set__,__delete__ 描述符属性 X.attr,X.attr=Value,del X.attr
    __new__ 创建 __init__之前创建对象

    所有重载方法的名称前后都有两个下划线字符,以便把同类中定义的变量名区别开来。

    构造函数和表达式:__init____sub__

    >>> class Number:
    ...   def __init__(self, start):
    ...     self.data = start
    ...   def __sub__(self, other):
    ...     return Number(self.data - other)
    ... 
    >>> X = Number(5)
    >>> Y = X - 2
    >>> Y
    <__main__.Number object at 0x10224d550>
    >>> Y.data
    3
    

    索引和分片: __getitem____setitem__

    基本索引

    >>> class Index:
    ...     def __getitem__(self, item):
    ...         return item ** 2
    ... 
    >>> 
    >>> for i in range(5):
    ...     I = Index()
    ...     print(I[i], end=' ')
    ... 
    0 1 4 9 16 
    

    切片索引

    >>> class Index:
    ...   data = [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    ...   def __getitem__(self, item):
    ...     print('getitem: ', item)
    ...     return self.data[item]
    ...   def __setitem__(self, key, value):
    ...     self.data[key] = value
    ... 
    >>> X = Index()
    >>> print(X[1:4])
    getitem:  slice(1, 4, None)
    [6, 7, 8] 
    >>> X[1:4] = (1, 1, 1)
    >>> print(X[1:4])
    getitem:  slice(1, 4, None)
    [1, 1, 1]
    

    索引迭代:__getitem__

    如果重载了这个方法,for循环每次循环时都会调用类的__getitem__方法;

    >>> class stepper:
    ...     def __getitem__(self, item):
    ...         return self.data[item].upper()
    ... 
    >>> 
    >>> X = stepper()
    >>> X.data = 'ansheng'
    >>> for item in X:
    ...     print(item)
    ... 
    A
    N
    S
    H
    E
    N
    G
    

    迭代器对象:__iter____next__

    >>> class Squares:
    ...   def __init__(self, start, stop):
    ...         self.value = start - 1
    ...         self.stop = stop
    ...   def __iter__(self):
    ...         return self
    ...   def __next__(self):
    ...         if self.value == self.stop:
    ...             raise StopIteration
    ...         self.value += 1
    ...         return self.value ** 2
    ... 
    >>> for i in Squares(1, 5):
    ...   print(i)
    ... 
    1
    4
    9
    16
    25
    

    成员关系:__contains____iter____getitem__

    class Iters:
        def __init__(self, value):
            self.data = value
    
        def __getitem__(self, item):
            print('get[%s]' % item, end='')
            return self.data[item]
    
        def __iter__(self):
            print('iter>==', end='')
            self.ix = 0
            return self
    
        def __next__(self):
            print('next:', end='')
            if self.ix == len(self.data): raise StopIteration
            item = self.data[self.ix]
            self.ix += 1
            return item
    
        def __contains__(self, item):
            print('contains: ', end=' ')
            return item in self.data
    
    
    X = Iters([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
    print(3 in X)
    for i in X:
        print(i, end='|')
    
    print([i ** 2 for i in X])
    print(list(map(bin, X)))
    
    I = iter(X)
    while True:
        try:
            print(next(I), end=' @')
        except StopIteration as e:
            break
    

    属性引用:__getattr____setattr__

    当通过未定义的属性名称和实例通过点号进行访问时,就会用属性名称作为字符串调用这个方法,但如果类使用了继承,并且在超类中可以找到这个属性,那么就不会触发。

    >>> class empty:
    ...     def __getattr__(self, item):
    ...         if item == 'age':
    ...             return 40
    ...         else:
    ...             raise AttributeError(item)
    ... 
    >>> 
    >>> x = empty()
    >>> print(x.age)
    40
    >>> print(x.name)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      File "<stdin>", line 6, in __getattr__
    AttributeError: name
    
    >>> class accesscontrol:
    ...     def __setattr__(self, key, value):
    ...         if key == 'age':
    ...             self.__dict__[key] = value
    ...         else:
    ...             raise AttributeError(key + ' not allowed')
    ... 
    >>> 
    >>> x = accesscontrol()
    >>> x.age = 40
    >>> print(x.age)
    40
    >>> x.name = 'Hello'
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
    AttributeError: name not allowed
    

    __repr____str__会返回字符串表达式

    __repr____str__都是为了更友好的显示,具体来说,如果在终端下print(Class)则会调用__repr__,非终端下会调用__str__方法,且这两个方法只能返回字符串;

    class adder:
        def __init__(self, value=0):
            self.data = value
    
        def __add__(self, other):
            self.data += other
    
        def __repr__(self):
            return 'addrepr(%s)' % self.data
    
        def __str__(self):
            return 'N: %s' % self.data
    
    
    x = adder(2)
    x + 1
    print(x)
    print((str(x), repr(x)))
    

    右侧加法和原处加法: __radd____iadd__

    只有当+右侧的对象是类实例,而左边对象不是类实例的时候,Python才会调用__radd__

    class Commuter:
        def __init__(self, val):
            self.val = val
    
        def __add__(self, other):
            print('add', self.val, other)
            return self.val + other
    
        def __radd__(self, other):
            print('radd', self.val, other)
            return other + self.val
    
    
    x = Commuter(88)
    y = Commuter(99)
    print(x + 1)
    print('')
    print(1 + y)
    print('')
    print(x + y)
    

    使用__iadd__进行原处加法

    class Number:
        def __init__(self, val):
            self.val = val
    
        def __iadd__(self, other):
            self.val += other
            return self
    
    
    x = Number(5)
    x += 1
    x += 1
    print(x.val)
    
    
    class Number:
        def __init__(self, val):
            self.val = val
    
        def __add__(self, other):
            return Number(self.val + other)
    
    
    x = Number(5)
    x += 1
    x += 1
    print(x.val)
    

    Call表达式:__call__

    当调用类实例时执行__call__方法

    class Callee:
        def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            print('Callee:', args, kwargs)
    
    
    C = Callee()
    C(1, 2, 3)
    C(1, 2, 3, x=1, y=2, z=3)
    
    
    class Prod:
        def __init__(self, value):
            self.value = value
    
        def __call__(self, other):
            return self.value * other
    
    
    x = Prod(3)
    print(x(3))
    print(x(4))
    

    比较:__lt__,__gt__和其他方法

    类可以定义方法来捕获所有的6种比较运算符:<、>、<=、>=、==和!=

    class C:
        data = 'spam'
    
        def __gt__(self, other):
            return self.data > other
    
        def __lt__(self, other):
            return self.data < other
    
    x = C()
    print(x > 'han')
    print(x < 'han')
    

    布尔值测试:bool__和__len

    class Truth:
        def __bool__(self):
            return True
    
    
    X = Truth()
    if X: print('yes')
    
    
    class Truth:
        def __bool__(self):
            return False
    
    X = Truth()
    print(bool(X))
    

    如果没有这个方法,Python退而求其次的求长度,因为一个非空对象看作是真:

    >>> class Truth:
    ...   def __len__(self): return 0
    ... 
    >>> X = Truth()
    >>> if not X: print('no')
    ... 
    no
    

    如果两个方法都有,__bool__会胜过__len__

    >>> class Truth:
    ...   def __bool__(self): return True
    ...   def __len__(self): return 0
    ... 
    >>> X = Truth()
    >>> bool(X)
    True
    

    如果两个方法都没有定义,对象毫无疑义的看作为真:

    >>> class Truth: pass
    ... 
    >>> bool(Truth)
    True
    

    对象解析函数:__del__

    每当实例产生时,就会调用__init__构造函数,每当实例空间被收回时,它的对立面__del__,也就是解析函数,就会自动执行;

    class Life:
        def __init__(self, name='unknown'):
            print('Hello, ', name)
            self.name = name
    
        def __del__(self):
            print('Goodbye', self.name)
    
    
    brian = Life('Brian')
    brian = 'loretta'
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/ethereala/p/9012236.html
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