mysql常用命令小结

以一个实际例子来说明mysql数据库的常用操作。学生选课系统，基本表包括student表、teacher表、course表，每门课程都有固定的老师；以及学生选课表，字段包括id(主键)，学生id，课程id，以及分数score。如图所示：

1、服务器的连接

shell> mysql -h host -u user -p
Enter password: ******
host : 服务器运行的主机名
user : mysql账号用户名

2、数据库的创建和使用 

create database course_choosing;
alter database course_choosing character set utf8;
use course_choosing;

3、表相关操作

create table student(id int NOT NULL primary key, name varchar(12), sex varchar(1), birth DATE);
create table teacher(id int NOT NULL primary key, name varchar(12), birth date, university varchar(32));
create table course(id varchar(3) NOT NULL primary key, name varchar(16) NOT NULL, address varchar(20), teacher_id int, UNIQUE (name));
create table choose_course(id int NOT NULL primary key, student_id int, course_id varchar(3), score float(4,1));

4、插入数据

insert into table values();

insert into student values(1001, '王小明', 'm', '1990-02-12'); 
insert into student values(1002, '张晓丽', 'f', '1990-09-28'); 
insert into student values(1003, '周婷', 'f', '1989-03-29'); 
insert into student values(1004, '叶大勇', 'm', '1991-11-02'); 
insert into student values(1005, '安卓', 'm', '1990-01-20'); 
insert into teacher values(101, '祝大师', '1970-09-11', '北京大学');
insert into teacher values(102, '李大卫', '1973-11-01', '北京大学');
insert into teacher values(103, '乔明湘', '1980-02-11', ‘北京大学');
insert into course values('003', '经济学', '梅园区东教学楼101室', 101);
insert into course values('009', '建筑学', '桃园区东教学楼304室', 103);
insert into course values('011', '金融学', '梅园区东教学楼103室', 101);
insert into course values('022', '软件工程', '桃园区西教学楼203室', 102);
insert into choose_course values(1, 1001, '003', 80.0);
insert into choose_course values(2, 1001, '009', 59.5);
insert into choose_course values(3, 1001, '011', 92.0);
insert into choose_course values(4, 1002, '009', 89.0);
insert into choose_course values(5, 1002, '022', 67.5);
insert into choose_course values(6, 1003, '022', 80.0);
insert into choose_course values(7, 1004, '003', 90.0);
insert into choose_course values(8, 1005, '009', 80.0);
insert into choose_course values(9, 1004, '011', 62.0);

5、select语句

#limit
mysql> select * from student limit 3;
--等价于select * from student limit 0,3;
+------+-----------+------+------------+
| id   | name      | sex  | birth      |
+------+-----------+------+------------+
| 1001 | 王小明    | m    | 1990-02-24 |
| 1002 | 张晓丽    | f    | 1990-09-28 |
| 1003 | 周婷      | f    | 1989-03-29 |
+------+-----------+------+------------+

#order by
mysql> select * from choose_course order by score desc, id asc limit 6;
--按分数由高到低排列，如果相同，则按id从小到大排序
+----+------------+-----------+-------+
| id | student_id | course_id | score |
+----+------------+-----------+-------+
|  3 |       1001 | 011       |  92.0 |
|  7 |       1004 | 003       |  90.0 |
|  4 |       1002 | 009       |  89.0 |
|  1 |       1001 | 003       |  80.0 |
|  6 |       1003 | 022       |  80.0 |
|  8 |       1005 | 009       |  80.0 |
+----+------------+-----------+-------+

#in
mysql> select * from student where id in(1001, 1004);
--等价于select * from student where id=1001 or id=1004;
+------+-----------+------+------------+
| id   | name      | sex  | birth      |
+------+-----------+------+------------+
| 1001 | 王小明    | m    | 1990-02-24 |
| 1004 | 叶大勇    | m    | 1991-11-02 |
+------+-----------+------+------------+

#between and
mysql> select * from student where birth between '1990-01-01' and '1990-12-30';
+------+-----------+------+------------+
| id   | name      | sex  | birth      |
+------+-----------+------+------------+
| 1001 | 王小明    | m    | 1990-02-24 |
| 1002 | 张晓丽    | f    | 1990-09-28 |
| 1005 | 安卓      | m    | 1990-01-20 |
+------+-----------+------+------------+

#as
mysql> select * from choose_course as cc where cc.score >= 90;
--等价于select * from choose_course cc where cc.score >= 90;
+----+------------+-----------+-------+
| id | student_id | course_id | score |
+----+------------+-----------+-------+
|  3 |       1001 | 011       |  92.0 |
|  7 |       1004 | 003       |  90.0 |
+----+------------+-----------+-------+

#join
--JOIN: 如果表中有至少一个匹配，则返回行
--LEFT JOIN: 即使右表中没有匹配，也从左表返回所有的行
--RIGHT JOIN: 即使左表中没有匹配，也从右表返回所有的行
mysql> select t1.*,t2.course_id,t2.score from student t1 join choose_course t2 on t2.score>80 and t1.id=t2.student_id; 
+------+-----------+------+------------+-----------+-------+
| id   | name      | sex  | birth      | course_id | score |
+------+-----------+------+------------+-----------+-------+
| 1001 | 王小明    | m    | 1990-02-24 | 011       |  92.0 |
| 1002 | 张晓丽    | f    | 1990-09-28 | 009       |  89.0 |
| 1004 | 叶大勇    | m    | 1991-11-02 | 003       |  90.0 |
+------+-----------+------+------------+-----------+-------+

mysql> select t1.*,t2.course_id,t2.score from student t1 left join choose_course t2 on t2.score>80 and t1.id=t2.student_id;
+------+-----------+------+------------+-----------+-------+
| id   | name      | sex  | birth      | course_id | score |
+------+-----------+------+------------+-----------+-------+
| 1001 | 王小明    | m    | 1990-02-24 | 011       |  92.0 |
| 1002 | 张晓丽    | f    | 1990-09-28 | 009       |  89.0 |
| 1003 | 周婷      | f    | 1989-03-29 | NULL      |  NULL |
| 1004 | 叶大勇    | m    | 1991-11-02 | 003       |  90.0 |
| 1005 | 安卓      | m    | 1990-01-20 | NULL      |  NULL |
| 1006 | 陈路      | f    | 1989-01-23 | NULL      |  NULL |
+------+-----------+------+------------+-----------+-------+

#union (all)
mysql> select name from student limit 2 union select name from teacher;
+-----------+
| name      |
+-----------+
| 王小明    |
| 张晓丽    |
| 祝大师    |
| 李大卫    |
| 乔明湘    |
+-----------+

#having
--HAVING子句可以让我们筛选成组后的各组数据． 
WHERE子句在聚合前先筛选记录．也就是说作用在GROUP BY 子句和HAVING子句前． 
而HAVING子句在聚合后对组记录进行筛选。 
举例：选出所有10个以上学生选择的课程id以及学生人数。
mysql> select course_id, count(*) as c from choose_course group by course_id having c>10 order by c desc;

6、其他常用操作

安装mysql后给root账号设置密码
mysqladmin -u root -p password
新增用户并且设置权限
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON blog.* TO 'blog'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'blog';
flush privileges;
##表相关
查看默认引擎
show engines;
或者 show variables like 'table_type';
更改表名
alter table student rename to student_new;
查看表结构
desc student;
清空表数据
delete from student;
删除表
drop table student;
查看建表语句
show create table student;
##列相关
添加列
alter table student add column age int;
删除列
alter table student drop column age;
修改列名或属性
alter table student change username name varchar(12);
添加、删除主键/外健约束
alter table course add primary key(id);
alter table course add foreign key(teacher_id) references teacher(id);
alter table course drop foreign key teacher_id;
多列唯一索引
alter table course add unique index (address, teacher_id);
如果不存在则插入，如果存在则更新on duplicate key update
insert into course(id, name, address, teacher_id) values('111', '王晓明', '123', 129) on duplicate key update name='张晓丽';