Flask是一个基于Python开发并且依赖jinja2模板和Werkzeug WSGI服务的一个微型框架，对于Werkzeug本质是Socket服务端，其用于接收http请求并对请求进行预处理，然后触发Flask框架，开发人员基于Flask框架提供的功能对请求进行相应的处理，并返回给用户，如果要返回给用户复杂的内容时，需要借助jinja2模板来实现对模板的处理，即：将模板和数据进行渲染，将渲染后的字符串返回给用户浏览器。
“微”(micro) 并不表示你需要把整个 Web 应用塞进单个 Python 文件（虽然确实可以 ），也不意味着 Flask 在功能上有所欠缺。微框架中的“微”意味着 Flask 旨在保持核心简单而易于扩展。Flask 不会替你做出太多决策——比如使用何种数据库。而那些 Flask 所选择的——比如使用何种模板引擎——则很容易替换。除此之外的一切都由可由你掌握。如此，Flask 可以与您珠联璧合。
默认情况下，Flask 不包含数据库抽象层、表单验证，或是其它任何已有多种库可以胜任的功能。然而，Flask 支持用扩展来给应用添加这些功能，如同是 Flask 本身实现的一样。众多的扩展提供了数据库集成、表单验证、上传处理、各种各样的开放认证技术等功能。Flask 也许是“微小”的，但它已准备好在需求繁杂的生产环境中投入使用。
pip3 install flask
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response @Request.application def hello(request): return Response('Hello World!') if __name__ == '__main__': from werkzeug.serving import run_simple run_simple('localhost', 4000, hello)
一、基本操作
from flask import Flask
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def hello_world():
return 'Hello World!'
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
二、配置文件
flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象（继承字典）,默认配置为：
{
'DEBUG': get_debug_flag(default=False), 是否开启Debug模式
'TESTING': False, 是否开启测试模式
'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS': None,
'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION': None,
'SECRET_KEY': None,
'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME': timedelta(days=31),
'USE_X_SENDFILE': False,
'LOGGER_NAME': None,
'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY': 'always',
'SERVER_NAME': None,
'APPLICATION_ROOT': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME': 'session',
'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH': None,
'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY': True,
'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE': False,
'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST': True,
'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH': None,
'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT': timedelta(hours=12),
'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS': False,
'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS': False,
'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING': False,
'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME': 'http',
'JSON_AS_ASCII': True,
'JSON_SORT_KEYS': True,
'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR': True,
'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE': 'application/json',
'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD': None,
}
方式一：
app.config['DEBUG'] = True
PS： 由于Config对象本质上是字典，所以还可以使用app.config.update(...)
方式二：
app.config.from_pyfile("python文件名称")
如：
settings.py
DEBUG = True
app.config.from_pyfile("settings.py")
app.config.from_envvar("环境变量名称")
环境变量的值为python文件名称名称，内部调用from_pyfile方法
app.config.from_json("json文件名称")
JSON文件名称，必须是json格式，因为内部会执行json.loads
app.config.from_mapping({'DEBUG':True})
字典格式
app.config.from_object("python类或类的路径")
app.config.from_object('pro_flask.settings.TestingConfig')
settings.py
class Config(object):
DEBUG = False
TESTING = False
DATABASE_URI = 'sqlite://:memory:'
class ProductionConfig(Config):
DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://user@localhost/foo'
class DevelopmentConfig(Config):
DEBUG = True
class TestingConfig(Config):
TESTING = True
PS: 从sys.path中已经存在路径开始写
PS: settings.py文件默认路径要放在程序root_path目录，如果instance_relative_config为True，则就是instance_path目录
三、路由系统
- @app.route('/user/<username>')
- @app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<float:post_id>')
- @app.route('/post/<path:path>')
- @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
常用路由系统有以上五种，所有的路由系统都是基于一下对应关系来处理：
def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): print('before') result = func(*args, **kwargs) print('after') return result return inner @app.route('/index.html',methods=['GET','POST'],endpoint='index') @auth def index(): return 'Index' 或 def index(): return "Index" self.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"]) or app.add_url_rule(rule='/index.html', endpoint="index", view_func=index, methods=["GET","POST"]) app.view_functions['index'] = index 或 def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): print('before') result = func(*args, **kwargs) print('after') return result return inner class IndexView(views.View): methods = ['GET'] decorators = [auth, ] def dispatch_request(self): print('Index') return 'Index!' app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint 或 class IndexView(views.MethodView): methods = ['GET'] decorators = [auth, ] def get(self): return 'Index.GET' def post(self): return 'Index.POST' app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint @app.route和app.add_url_rule参数： rule, URL规则 view_func, 视图函数名称 defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数 endpoint=None, 名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for('名称') methods=None, 允许的请求方式，如：["GET","POST"] strict_slashes=None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求， 如： @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False)， 访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可 @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True) 仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址 如： @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>') 或 def func(adapter, nid): return "/home/888" @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func) subdomain=None, 子域名访问 from flask import Flask, views, url_for app = Flask(import_name=__name__) app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000' @app.route("/", subdomain="admin") def static_index(): """Flask supports static subdomains This is available at static.your-domain.tld""" return "static.your-domain.tld" @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>") def username_index(username): """Dynamic subdomains are also supported Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic""" return username + ".your-domain.tld" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数： rule, URL规则 view_func, 视图函数名称 defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数，函数需要参数时，使用defaults={'k':'v'}为函数提供参数 endpoint=None, 名称，用于反向生成URL，即： url_for('名称') methods=None, 允许的请求方式，如：["GET","POST"] strict_slashes=None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求， 如： @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=False)， 访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可 @app.route('/index',strict_slashes=True) 仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址 如： @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to='/home/<nid>') 或 def func(adapter, nid): return "/home/888" @app.route('/index/<int:nid>', redirect_to=func) subdomain=None, 子域名访问 from flask import Flask, views, url_for app = Flask(import_name=__name__) app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000' @app.route("/", subdomain="admin") def static_index(): """Flask supports static subdomains This is available at static.your-domain.tld""" return "static.your-domain.tld" @app.route("namic", subdomain="<username>") def username_index(username): """Dynamic subdomains are also supported Try going to user1.your-domain.tldnamic""" return username + ".your-domain.tld" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
class IndexView(views.View): # 方式一：CBV methods = ['GET'] decorators = [wapper, ] def dispatch_request(self): print('Index') return 'Index!' app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint class IndexView(views.MethodView): #方式二：CBV 该方法更方便 methods = ['GET'] decorators = [wapper, ] def get(self): return 'Index.GET' def post(self): return app.add_url_rule('/index', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name='index')) # name=endpoint
from flask import Flask, views, url_for from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter app = Flask(import_name=__name__) class RegexConverter(BaseConverter): """ 自定义URL匹配正则表达式 """ def __init__(self, map, regex): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map) self.regex = regex def to_python(self, value): """ 路由匹配时，匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值 :param value: :return: """ return int(value) def to_url(self, value): """ 使用url_for反向生成URL时，传递的参数经过该方法处理，返回的值用于生成URL中的参数 :param value: :return: """ val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value) return val # 添加到flask中 app.url_map.converters['regex'] = RegexConverter @app.route('/index/<regex("d+"):nid>') def index(nid): print(url_for('index', nid='888')) return 'Index' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
自定义路由转换器
from flask import Flask, url_for
from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter
app = Flask(__name__)
class RegexConverter(BaseConverter):
"""
自定义URL匹配正则表达式
"""
def __init__(self, map, regex):
super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map)
self.regex = regex
def to_python(self, value):
"""
路由匹配时，匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值
:param value:
:return:
"""
return value
def to_url(self, value):
"""
使用url_for反向生成URL时，传递的参数经过该方法处理，返回的值用于生成URL中的参数
:param value:
:return:
"""
val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value)
return val
app.url_map.converters['xxx'] = RegexConverter
@app.route('/index/<xxx("/d+"):nid>',methods=['GET', 'POST'],endpoint='n1')
def index(nid): # index提供一个数字，数字自动传给nid uuid主板根据当前时间计算出唯一的标识（可能重复，几率很小）
url_for('index', nid=999) # /index/999 生成前先执行to_url
return "Index"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
添加路由的两种方式
from flask import Flask, render_template, redirect
app = Flask(__name__)
'''
1.执行decorator = app.route('/index',methods=['GET', 'POST'])
2.@decorator
-新index = decorator(index)
'''
# 路由方式一（推荐）
@app.route('/index',methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def index():
return "index"
# 添加路由方式二（本质）
def order():
return 'order'
app.add_url_rule('/order', view_func= order)
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
四、 反向生成URL
from flask import Flask, url_for
app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/index',methods=['GET', 'POST'],endpoint='n1')
def index():
v1 = url_for('n1') # 创建别名，用于反向生成才起别名。不起名别就是其函数名
v2 = url_for('n2')
v3 = url_for("n3")
print(v1,v2,v3)
return "Index"
@app.route('/login',methods=['GET', 'POST'],endpoint='n2')
def login():
return "Login"
@app.route('/logout',methods=['GET', 'POST'],endpoint='n3')
def logout():
v3 = url_for("n3")
print(v3)
return "Logout"
if __name__ == '__main__':
app.run()
五、视图中添加装饰器
from flask import Flask, url_for import functools app = Flask(__name__) def wapper(func): @functools.wraps(func) def inner(*args, **kwargs): print('before') return func(*args, **kwargs) return inner @app.route('/index', methods=['GET', 'POST']) @wapper def index(): return "Index" @app.route('/order', methods=['GET', 'POST']) @wapper def order(): return "Order" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
六、请求与响应
from flask import Flask, render_template, redirect, request, jsonify, make_response app= Flask(__name__) @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def index(): # 请求相关 # request.method # request.args # request.form # request.cookies # request.headers # request.path # request.files # obj = request.files['the_file_name'] # obj.save('ar/www/uploads/' + secure_filename(f.filename)) # 不常用 # request.values # request.full_path # request.script_root # request.url # request.base_url # request.url_root # request.host_url # request.host # 响应相关 # return json.dumps({}) # return jsonify({}) return "字符串" # return render_template('html模板路径',**{}) # return redirect('/index.html') # 设置cookie # response = make_response(render_template('index.html')) # response是flask.wrappers.Response类型 # response.delete_cookie('key') # response.set_cookie('key', 'value') # response.headers['X-Something'] = 'A value' # return response if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
七、模板
1、模板的使用
Flask使用的是Jinja2模板，所以其语法和Django无差别
2、自定义模板方法
Flask中自定义模板
Flask中自定义模板方法的方式和Bottle相似，创建一个函数并通过参数的形式传入render_template，如：
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head lang="en"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title></title> </head> <body> <h1>自定义函数</h1> {{ww()|safe}} </body> </html>
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask,render_template app = Flask(__name__) def wupeiqi(): return '<h1>Wupeiqi</h1>' @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): return render_template('login.html', ww=wupeiqi) app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> {% macro input(name, type='text', value='') %} <input type="{{ type }}" name="{{ name }}" value="{{ value }}"> {% endmacro %} {{ input('n1') }} {% include 'tp.html' %} <h1>asdf{{ v.k1}}</h1> </body> </html>
from flask import Flask, render_template, redirect, Markup app = Flask(__name__) @app.template_global() def sbb(a1, a2): """ 每个模板都可以使用 :param a1: :param a2: :return: """ return a1 + a2 def gen_input(value): # return "<input value='%s'/>" %value # 防止xss攻击 return Markup("<input value='%s'/>" % value) @app.route('/index', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def index(): context = { 'k1': 123, 'k2': [11, 22, 33], 'k3': {'name': 'oldboy', 'age': '123'}, 'k4': lambda x: x + 1, # 函数不直接执行 'k5': gen_input # 只有当前模板才能调用的函数 } return render_template('/index.html', **context) @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def order(): context = { 'k1': 123, 'k2': [11, 22, 33], } return render_template('order.html', **context) if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <div>头部</div> <div> {% block content %} {% endblock %} </div> <div>底部</div> </body> <html>
{% extends 'layout.html' %}
{% block content %}
<h1>{{k1}}</h1>
<h1>{{k2.0}} {{k2[0]}}</h1>
<h1>{{k3.name}} {{k3['name']}} {{k3.get('name',888}}</h1>
<h1>{{k4(66)}}</h1>
<h1>{{k5(99)|safe}}</h1>
<h1>{{k5(99)}}</h1>
<h1>{{sbb(1,2)}}</h1>
{% endblock %}
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>{{k1}}</h1> <h1>{{k2.0}} {{k2[0]}}</h1> <h1>{{k3.name}} {{k3['name']}} {{k3.get('name',888}}</h1> <h1>{{k4(66)}}</h1> <h1>{{k5(99)|safe}}</h1> <h1>{{k5(99)}}</h1> <h1>{{sbb(1,2)}}</h1> </body> <html>
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>{{sbb(1,2)}}</h1> </body> <html>
八、请求扩展
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from flask import Flask, Request, render_template app = Flask(__name__, template_folder='templates') app.debug = True @app.before_first_request def before_first_request1(): print('before_first_request1') @app.before_first_request def before_first_request2(): print('before_first_request2') @app.before_request def before_request1(): Request.nnn = 123 print('before_request1') @app.before_request def before_request2(): print('before_request2') @app.after_request def after_request1(response): print('before_request1', response) return response @app.after_request def after_request2(response): print('before_request2', response) return response @app.errorhandler(404) def page_not_found(error): return 'This page does not exist', 404 @app.template_global() def sb(a1, a2): return a1 + a2 @app.template_filter() def db(a1, a2, a3): return a1 + a2 + a3 @app.route('/') def hello_world(): return render_template('hello.html') if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
调用方式：{{sb(1,2)}} {{ 1|db(2,3)}}
九、session
除请求对象之外，还有一个 session 对象。它允许你在不同请求间存储特定用户的信息。它是在 Cookies 的基础上实现的，并且对 Cookies 进行密钥签名要使用会话，你需要设置一个密钥。
-
设置：session['username'] ＝ 'xxx'
- 删除：session.pop('username', None)
from flask import Flask, session, redirect, url_for, escape, request app = Flask(__name__) @app.route('/') def index(): if 'username' in session: return 'Logged in as %s' % escape(session['username']) return 'You are not logged in' @app.route('/login', methods=['GET', 'POST']) def login(): if request.method == 'POST': session['username'] = request.form['username'] return redirect(url_for('index')) return ''' <form action="" method="post"> <p><input type=text name=username> <p><input type=submit value=Login> </form> ''' @app.route('/logout') def logout(): # remove the username from the session if it's there session.pop('username', None) return redirect(url_for('index')) # set the secret key. keep this really secret: app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT'
pip3 install Flask-Session run.py from flask import Flask from flask import session from pro_flask.utils.session import MySessionInterface app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'A0Zr98j/3yX R~XHH!jmN]LWX/,?RT' app.session_interface = MySessionInterface() @app.route('/login.html', methods=['GET', "POST"]) def login(): print(session) session['user1'] = 'alex' session['user2'] = 'alex' del session['user2'] return "内容" if __name__ == '__main__': app.run() session.py #!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- import uuid import json from flask.sessions import SessionInterface from flask.sessions import SessionMixin from itsdangerous import Signer, BadSignature, want_bytes class MySession(dict, SessionMixin): def __init__(self, initial=None, sid=None): self.sid = sid self.initial = initial super(MySession, self).__init__(initial or ()) def __setitem__(self, key, value): super(MySession, self).__setitem__(key, value) def __getitem__(self, item): return super(MySession, self).__getitem__(item) def __delitem__(self, key): super(MySession, self).__delitem__(key) class MySessionInterface(SessionInterface): session_class = MySession container = {} def __init__(self): import redis self.redis = redis.Redis() def _generate_sid(self): return str(uuid.uuid4()) def _get_signer(self, app): if not app.secret_key: return None return Signer(app.secret_key, salt='flask-session', key_derivation='hmac') def open_session(self, app, request): """ 程序刚启动时执行，需要返回一个session对象 """ sid = request.cookies.get(app.session_cookie_name) if not sid: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) signer = self._get_signer(app) try: sid_as_bytes = signer.unsign(sid) sid = sid_as_bytes.decode() except BadSignature: sid = self._generate_sid() return self.session_class(sid=sid) # session保存在redis中 # val = self.redis.get(sid) # session保存在内存中 val = self.container.get(sid) if val is not None: try: data = json.loads(val) return self.session_class(data, sid=sid) except: return self.session_class(sid=sid) return self.session_class(sid=sid) def save_session(self, app, session, response): """ 程序结束前执行，可以保存session中所有的值 如： 保存到resit 写入到用户cookie """ domain = self.get_cookie_domain(app) path = self.get_cookie_path(app) httponly = self.get_cookie_httponly(app) secure = self.get_cookie_secure(app) expires = self.get_expiration_time(app, session) val = json.dumps(dict(session)) # session保存在redis中 # self.redis.setex(name=session.sid, value=val, time=app.permanent_session_lifetime) # session保存在内存中 self.container.setdefault(session.sid, val) session_id = self._get_signer(app).sign(want_bytes(session.sid)) response.set_cookie(app.session_cookie_name, session_id, expires=expires, httponly=httponly, domain=domain, path=path, secure=secure)
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- """ pip3 install redis pip3 install flask-session """ from flask import Flask, session, redirect from flask.ext.session import Session app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = 'asdfasdfasd' app.config['SESSION_TYPE'] = 'redis' from redis import Redis app.config['SESSION_REDIS'] = Redis(host='192.168.0.94',port='6379') Session(app) @app.route('/login') def login(): session['username'] = 'alex' return redirect('/index') @app.route('/index') def index(): name = session['username'] return name if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
十、蓝图
蓝图用于为应用提供目录划分：
小型应用程序：示例
大型应用程序：示例
其他：
- 蓝图URL前缀：xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,url_prefix='/xxx')
- 蓝图子域名：xxx = Blueprint('account', __name__,subdomain='admin')
# 前提需要给配置SERVER_NAME： app.config['SERVER_NAME'] = 'wupeiqi.com:5000'
# 访问时：admin.wupeiqi.com:5000/login.html
十一、闪现
from flask import Flask, session,flash,get_flashed_messages app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'adacdnduaihu' @app.route('/login', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def login(): flash('内容的',category='x1') # 设置一个值 category='x1'分类 flash('内容的', category='x2') # 设置一个值 return '视图函数x1' @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def index(): data = get_flashed_messages(category_filter=['x1']) # 取值 data = get_flashed_messages() print(data) return '视图函数x2' if __name__ == '__main__': app.run()
message是一个基于Session实现的用于保存数据的集合，其特点是：使用一次就删除
十二、中间件
from flask import Flask, session app = Flask(__name__) app.secret_key = 'adacdnduaihu' @app.route('/index', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def index(): return '视图函数' class Middleware(object): def __init__(self, old_wsgi_app): """ 服务端启动时，自动执行 :param old_wsgi_app: """ self.old_wsgi_app = old_wsgi_app def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """ 每次有用户请求到来时，执行 :param args: # environ :param kwargs: # start_response :return: """ print('before') obj = self.old_wsgi_app(*args, **kwargs) print('after') return obj if __name__ == '__main__': app.wsgi_app = Middleware(app.wsgi_app) app.run() ''' 当请求一到来： 1、执行app.__call__ 2、再调用app.wsgi_app方法 '''
十三、FLASK插件
- WTForms
- SQLAchemy
- 等... http://flask.pocoo.org/extensions/