两个重要的结构体
#define PyObject_HEAD PyObject ob_base; #define PyObject_VAR_HEAD PyVarObject ob_base; // 宏定义,包含 上一个、下一个,用于构造双向链表用。(放到refchain链表中时,要用到) #define _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA struct _object *_ob_next; struct _object *_ob_prev; typedef struct _object { _PyObject_HEAD_EXTRA // 用于构造双向链表 Py_ssize_t ob_refcnt; // 引用计数器 struct _typeobject *ob_type; // 数据类型 } PyObject; typedef struct { PyObject ob_base; // PyObject对象 Py_ssize_t ob_size; /* Number of items in variable part,即:元素个数 */ } PyVarObject;
这两个结构体PyObject
和PyVarObject
是基石,他们保存这其他数据类型公共部分,例如:每个类型的对象在创建时都有PyObject中的那4部分数据;list/set/tuple等由多个元素组成对象创建时都有PyVarObject中的那5部分数据。
常见类型结构体
平时我们在创建一个对象时,本质上就是实例化一个相关类型的结构体,在内部保存值和引用计数器等。
- float类型
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
double ob_fval;
} PyFloatObject;
- int类型
struct _longobject { PyObject_VAR_HEAD digit ob_digit[1]; }; /* Long (arbitrary precision) integer object interface */ typedef struct _longobject PyLongObject; /* Revealed in longintrepr.h */
- str类型
typedef struct { PyObject_HEAD Py_ssize_t length; /* Number of code points in the string */ Py_hash_t hash; /* Hash value; -1 if not set */ struct { unsigned int interned:2; /* Character size: - PyUnicode_WCHAR_KIND (0): * character type = wchar_t (16 or 32 bits, depending on the platform) - PyUnicode_1BYTE_KIND (1): * character type = Py_UCS1 (8 bits, unsigned) * all characters are in the range U+0000-U+00FF (latin1) * if ascii is set, all characters are in the range U+0000-U+007F (ASCII), otherwise at least one character is in the range U+0080-U+00FF - PyUnicode_2BYTE_KIND (2): * character type = Py_UCS2 (16 bits, unsigned) * all characters are in the range U+0000-U+FFFF (BMP) * at least one character is in the range U+0100-U+FFFF - PyUnicode_4BYTE_KIND (4): * character type = Py_UCS4 (32 bits, unsigned) * all characters are in the range U+0000-U+10FFFF * at least one character is in the range U+10000-U+10FFFF */ unsigned int kind:3; unsigned int compact:1; unsigned int ascii:1; unsigned int ready:1; unsigned int :24; } state; wchar_t *wstr; /* wchar_t representation (null-terminated) */ } PyASCIIObject; typedef struct { PyASCIIObject _base; Py_ssize_t utf8_length; /* Number of bytes in utf8, excluding the * terminating . */ char *utf8; /* UTF-8 representation (null-terminated) */ Py_ssize_t wstr_length; /* Number of code points in wstr, possible * surrogates count as two code points. */ } PyCompactUnicodeObject; typedef struct { PyCompactUnicodeObject _base; union { void *any; Py_UCS1 *latin1; Py_UCS2 *ucs2; Py_UCS4 *ucs4; } data; /* Canonical, smallest-form Unicode buffer */ } PyUnicodeObject;
- list类型
typedef struct { PyObject_VAR_HEAD PyObject **ob_item; Py_ssize_t allocated; } PyListObject;
- tuple类型
typedef struct { PyObject_VAR_HEAD PyObject *ob_item[1]; } PyTupleObject;
- dict类型
typedef struct { PyObject_HEAD Py_ssize_t ma_used; PyDictKeysObject *ma_keys; PyObject **ma_values; } PyDictObject;
通过常见结构体可以基本了解到本质上每个对象内部会存储的数据。
扩展:在结构体部分你应该发现了str类型
比较繁琐,那是因为python字符串在处理时需要考虑到编码的问题,在内部规定(见源码结构体):
-
字符串只包含ascii,则每个字符用1个字节表示,即:latin1
-
字符串包含中文等,则每个字符用2个字节表示,即:ucs2
-
字符串包含emoji等,则每个字符用4个字节表示,即:ucs4
Float类型
创建
val = 3.14
类似于这样创建一个float对象时,会执行C源码中的如下代码:
// Objects/floatobject.c // 用于缓存float对象的链表 static PyFloatObject *free_list = NULL; static int numfree = 0; PyObject * PyFloat_FromDouble(double fval) { // 如果free_list中有可用对象,则从free_list链表拿出来一个;否则为对象重新开辟内存。 PyFloatObject *op = free_list; if (op != NULL) { free_list = (PyFloatObject *) Py_TYPE(op); numfree--; } else { // 根据float类型的大小,为float对象新开辟内存。 op = (PyFloatObject*) PyObject_MALLOC(sizeof(PyFloatObject)); if (!op) return PyErr_NoMemory(); } // 对float对象进行初始化,例如:引用计数器初始化为1、添加到refchain链表等。 /* Inline PyObject_New */ (void)PyObject_INIT(op, &PyFloat_Type); // 对float对象赋值。即:op->ob_fval = 3.14 op->ob_fval = fval; return (PyObject *) op; }
// Include/objimpl.h #define PyObject_INIT(op, typeobj) ( Py_TYPE(op) = (typeobj), _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)(op)), (op) )
// Objects/object.c // 维护了所有对象的一个环状双向链表 static PyObject refchain = {&refchain, &refchain}; void _Py_AddToAllObjects(PyObject *op, int force) { if (force || op->_ob_prev == NULL) { op->_ob_next = refchain._ob_next; op->_ob_prev = &refchain; refchain._ob_next->_ob_prev = op; refchain._ob_next = op; } } void _Py_NewReference(PyObject *op) { _Py_INC_REFTOTAL; // 引用计数器初始化为1。 op->ob_refcnt = 1; // 对象添加到双向链表refchain中。 _Py_AddToAllObjects(op, 1); _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(op); }
引用
val = 3.14 data = val
在项目中如果出现这种引用关系时,会将原对象的引用计数器+1。
C源码执行流程如下:
// Include/object.h static inline void _Py_INCREF(PyObject *op) { _Py_INC_REFTOTAL; // 对象的引用计数器 + 1 op->ob_refcnt++; } #define Py_INCREF(op) _Py_INCREF(_PyObject_CAST(op))
销毁
val = 3.14
del val
在项目中如果出现这种删除的语句,则内部会将引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器减为0,则进行缓存或垃圾回收。
C源码执行流程如下:
// Include/object.h static inline void _Py_DECREF(const char *filename, int lineno, PyObject *op) { (void)filename; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */ (void)lineno; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */ _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL; // 引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器为0,则执行 _Py_Dealloc去缓存或垃圾回收。 if (--op->ob_refcnt != 0) { #ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG if (op->ob_refcnt < 0) { _Py_NegativeRefcount(filename, lineno, op); } #endif } else { _Py_Dealloc(op); } } #define Py_DECREF(op) _Py_DECREF(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
// Objects/object.c void _Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op) { // 找到float类型的 tp_dealloc 函数 destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc; // 在refchain双向链表中摘除此对象。 _Py_ForgetReference(op); // 执行float类型的 tp_dealloc 函数,去进行缓存或垃圾回收。 (*dealloc)(op); } void _Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op) { ... // 在refchain链表中移除此对象 op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev; op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next; op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL; _Py_INC_TPFREES(op); }
// Objects/floatobject.c #define PyFloat_MAXFREELIST 100 static int numfree = 0; static PyFloatObject *free_list = NULL; // float类型中函数的对应关系 PyTypeObject PyFloat_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "float", sizeof(PyFloatObject), 0, // tp_dealloc表示执行float_dealloc方法 (destructor)float_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ 0, /* tp_print */ ... }; static void float_dealloc(PyFloatObject *op) { // 检测是否是float类型 if (PyFloat_CheckExact(op)) { // 检测free_list中缓存的个数是否已满,如果已满,则直接将对象销毁。 if (numfree >= PyFloat_MAXFREELIST) { // 销毁 PyObject_FREE(op); return; } // 将对象加入到free_list链表中 numfree++; Py_TYPE(op) = (struct _typeobject *)free_list; free_list = op; } else Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject *)op); }
Int类型
创建
age = 19
当在python中创建一个整型数据时,底层会触发他的如下源码:
PyObject * PyLong_FromLong(long ival) { PyLongObject *v; ... // 优先去小数据池中检查,如果在范围内则直接获取不再重新开辟内存。( -5 <= value < 257) CHECK_SMALL_INT(ival); ... // 非小数字池中的值,重新开辟内存并初始化 v = _PyLong_New(ndigits); if (v != NULL) { digit *p = v->ob_digit; Py_SIZE(v) = ndigits*sign; t = abs_ival; ... } return (PyObject *)v; } #define NSMALLNEGINTS 5 #define NSMALLPOSINTS 257 #define CHECK_SMALL_INT(ival) do if (-NSMALLNEGINTS <= ival && ival < NSMALLPOSINTS) { return get_small_int((sdigit)ival); } while(0) static PyObject * get_small_int(sdigit ival) { PyObject *v; v = (PyObject *)&small_ints[ival + NSMALLNEGINTS]; // 引用计数器 + 1 Py_INCREF(v); ... return v; } PyLongObject * _PyLong_New(Py_ssize_t size) { // 创建PyLongObject的指针变量 PyLongObject *result; ... // 根据长度进行开辟内存 result = PyObject_MALLOC(offsetof(PyLongObject, ob_digit) + size*sizeof(digit)); ... // 对内存中的数据进行初始化并添加到refchain链表中。 return (PyLongObject*)PyObject_INIT_VAR(result, &PyLong_Type, size); }
// Include/objimpl.h #define PyObject_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) ( (type *) _PyObject_NewVar((typeobj), (n)) ) static inline PyVarObject* _PyObject_INIT_VAR(PyVarObject *op, PyTypeObject *typeobj, Py_ssize_t size) { assert(op != NULL); Py_SIZE(op) = size; // 对象初始化 PyObject_INIT((PyObject *)op, typeobj); return op; } #define PyObject_INIT(op, typeobj) _PyObject_INIT(_PyObject_CAST(op), (typeobj)) static inline PyObject* _PyObject_INIT(PyObject *op, PyTypeObject *typeobj) { assert(op != NULL); Py_TYPE(op) = typeobj; if (PyType_GetFlags(typeobj) & Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE) { Py_INCREF(typeobj); } // 对象初始化,并把对象加入到refchain链表。 _Py_NewReference(op); return op; }
// Objects/object.c // 维护了所有对象的一个环状双向链表 static PyObject refchain = {&refchain, &refchain}; void _Py_AddToAllObjects(PyObject *op, int force) { if (force || op->_ob_prev == NULL) { op->_ob_next = refchain._ob_next; op->_ob_prev = &refchain; refchain._ob_next->_ob_prev = op; refchain._ob_next = op; } } void _Py_NewReference(PyObject *op) { _Py_INC_REFTOTAL; // 引用计数器初始化为1。 op->ob_refcnt = 1; // 对象添加到双向链表refchain中。 _Py_AddToAllObjects(op, 1); _Py_INC_TPALLOCS(op); }
引用
value = 69
data = value
类似于出现这种引用关系时,内部其实就是将对象的引用计数器+1,源码同float类型引用。
销毁
value = 699
del value
在项目中如果出现这种删除的语句,则内部会将引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器减为0,则直接进行垃圾回收。(int类型是基于小数据池而不是free_list做的缓存,所以不会在销毁时缓存数据)。
C源码执行流程如下:
// Include/object.h static inline void _Py_DECREF(const char *filename, int lineno, PyObject *op) { (void)filename; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */ (void)lineno; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */ _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL; // 引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器为0,则执行 _Py_Dealloc去垃圾回收。 if (--op->ob_refcnt != 0) { #ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG if (op->ob_refcnt < 0) { _Py_NegativeRefcount(filename, lineno, op); } #endif } else { _Py_Dealloc(op); } } #define Py_DECREF(op) _Py_DECREF(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
// Objects/object.c void _Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op) { // 找到int类型的 tp_dealloc 函数(int类中没有定义tp_dealloc函数,需要去父级PyBaseObject_Type中找tp_dealloc函数) // 此处体现所有的类型都继承object destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc; // 在refchain双向链表中摘除此对象。 _Py_ForgetReference(op); // 执行int类型的 tp_dealloc 函数,去进行垃圾回收。 (*dealloc)(op); } void _Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op) { ... // 在refchain链表中移除此对象 op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev; op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next; op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL; _Py_INC_TPFREES(op); }
// Objects/longobjet.c PyTypeObject PyLong_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "int", /* tp_name */ offsetof(PyLongObject, ob_digit), /* tp_basicsize */ sizeof(digit), /* tp_itemsize */ 0, /* tp_dealloc */ ... PyObject_Del, /* tp_free */ };
Objects/typeobject.c PyTypeObject PyBaseObject_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "object", /* tp_name */ sizeof(PyObject), /* tp_basicsize */ 0, /* tp_itemsize */ object_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ ... PyObject_Del, /* tp_free */ }; static void object_dealloc(PyObject *self) { // 调用int类型的 tp_free,即:PyObject_Del去销毁对象。 Py_TYPE(self)->tp_free(self); }
Str类型
创建
name = "featherwit"
当在python中创建一个字符串数据时,底层会触发他的如下源码:
Objects/unicodeobject.c PyObject * PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8Stateful(const char *s,Py_ssize_t size,const char *errors,Py_ssize_t *consumed) { return unicode_decode_utf8(s, size, _Py_ERROR_UNKNOWN, errors, consumed); } static PyObject * unicode_decode_utf8(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size,_Py_error_handler error_handler, const char *errors,Py_ssize_t *consumed); { ... // 如果字符串长度为1,并且是ascii字符,直接去缓存链表 *unicode_latin1[256] 中获取。 if (size == 1 && (unsigned char)s[0] < 128) { if (consumed) *consumed = 1; return get_latin1_char((unsigned char)s[0]); } // 对传入的utf-8的字节进行处理,并选择合适的方式转换成unicode字符串。(latin2/ucs2/ucs4)。 ... return _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(&writer); } static PyObject* get_latin1_char(unsigned char ch) { PyObject *unicode = unicode_latin1[ch]; if (!unicode) { unicode = PyUnicode_New(1, ch); if (!unicode) return NULL; PyUnicode_1BYTE_DATA(unicode)[0] = ch; assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(unicode, 1)); unicode_latin1[ch] = unicode; } Py_INCREF(unicode); return unicode; } PyObject * _PyUnicodeWriter_Finish(_PyUnicodeWriter *writer) { PyObject *str; // 写入值到str str = writer->buffer; writer->buffer = NULL; if (writer->readonly) { assert(PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) == writer->pos); return str; } if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(str) != writer->pos) { PyObject *str2; // 创建对象 str2 = resize_compact(str, writer->pos); if (str2 == NULL) { Py_DECREF(str); return NULL; } str = str2; } assert(_PyUnicode_CheckConsistency(str, 1)); return unicode_result_ready(str); } static PyObject* resize_compact(PyObject *unicode, Py_ssize_t length) { ... // 开辟内存 new_unicode = (PyObject *)PyObject_REALLOC(unicode, new_size); if (new_unicode == NULL) { _Py_NewReference(unicode); PyErr_NoMemory(); return NULL; } unicode = new_unicode; // 把对象加入到refchain链表 _Py_NewReference(unicode); ... return unicode; }
在字符串中除了会执行上述代码之外,还会执行以下代码实现内部的驻留机制。为了更好的理解,你可以认为驻留机制:将字符串保存到一个名为 interned 的字典中,以后再使用时 直接去字典中获取不再需要创建。
实际在源码中每次都会创建新的字符串,只不过在内部检测是否已驻留到interned中,如果在则使用interned内部的原来的字符串,把新创建的字符串当做垃圾去回收。
Objects/unicodeobject.c void PyUnicode_InternInPlace(PyObject **p) { PyObject *s = *p; PyObject *t; #ifdef Py_DEBUG assert(s != NULL); assert(_PyUnicode_CHECK(s)); #else if (s == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(s)) return; #endif /* If it's a subclass, we don't really know what putting it in the interned dict might do. */ if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(s)) return; if (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(s)) return; if (interned == NULL) { interned = PyDict_New(); if (interned == NULL) { PyErr_Clear(); /* Don't leave an exception */ return; } } Py_ALLOW_RECURSION // 将新字符串驻留到interned字典中,不存在则驻留,已存在则不再重复驻留。 t = PyDict_SetDefault(interned, s, s); Py_END_ALLOW_RECURSION if (t == NULL) { PyErr_Clear(); return; } // 存在,使用已驻留的字符串 并 将引用计数器+1 if (t != s) { Py_INCREF(t); Py_SETREF(*p, t); // 处理临时对象 return; } /* The two references in interned are not counted by refcnt. The deallocator will take care of this */ Py_REFCNT(s) -= 2; // 让临时对象可被回收。 _PyUnicode_STATE(s).interned = SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL; }
引用
同上,引用计数器 + 1 .
销毁
val = "featherwit" del val
在项目中如果出现这种删除的语句,则内部会将引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器减为0,则进行缓存或垃圾回收。
// Include/object.h static inline void _Py_DECREF(const char *filename, int lineno, PyObject *op) { (void)filename; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */ (void)lineno; /* may be unused, shut up -Wunused-parameter */ _Py_DEC_REFTOTAL; // 引用计数器-1,如果引用计数器为0,则执行 _Py_Dealloc去缓存或垃圾回收。 if (--op->ob_refcnt != 0) { #ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG if (op->ob_refcnt < 0) { _Py_NegativeRefcount(filename, lineno, op); } #endif } else { _Py_Dealloc(op); } } #define Py_DECREF(op) _Py_DECREF(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
// Objects/object.c void _Py_Dealloc(PyObject *op) { // 找到str类型的 tp_dealloc 函数 destructor dealloc = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_dealloc; // 在refchain双向链表中摘除此对象。 _Py_ForgetReference(op); // 执行float类型的 tp_dealloc 函数,去进行缓存或垃圾回收。 (*dealloc)(op); } void _Py_ForgetReference(PyObject *op) { ... // 在refchain链表中移除此对象 op->_ob_next->_ob_prev = op->_ob_prev; op->_ob_prev->_ob_next = op->_ob_next; op->_ob_next = op->_ob_prev = NULL; _Py_INC_TPFREES(op); }
// Objects/unicodeobject.c PyTypeObject PyUnicode_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "str", /* tp_name */ sizeof(PyUnicodeObject), /* tp_basicsize */ 0, /* tp_itemsize */ /* Slots */ (destructor)unicode_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ ... PyObject_Del, /* tp_free */ }; static void unicode_dealloc(PyObject *unicode) { switch (PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(unicode)) { case SSTATE_NOT_INTERNED: break; case SSTATE_INTERNED_MORTAL: /* revive dead object temporarily for DelItem */ Py_REFCNT(unicode) = 3; // 在interned中删除驻留的字符串 if (PyDict_DelItem(interned, unicode) != 0) Py_FatalError( "deletion of interned string failed"); break; case SSTATE_INTERNED_IMMORTAL: Py_FatalError("Immortal interned string died."); /* fall through */ default: Py_FatalError("Inconsistent interned string state."); } if (_PyUnicode_HAS_WSTR_MEMORY(unicode)) PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_WSTR(unicode)); if (_PyUnicode_HAS_UTF8_MEMORY(unicode)) PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_UTF8(unicode)); if (!PyUnicode_IS_COMPACT(unicode) && _PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)) PyObject_DEL(_PyUnicode_DATA_ANY(unicode)); // 内存中销毁对象 Py_TYPE(unicode)->tp_free(unicode); }
List类型
创建
v = [11, 22, 33]
当创建一个列表时候,内部的C源码会执行如下:
// Objects/listobject.c #define PyList_MAXFREELIST 80 // free_list用于对list对象进行缓存,最多可缓存80个对象 static PyListObject *free_list[PyList_MAXFREELIST]; // free_list中可用的对象 static int numfree = 0; PyObject * PyList_New(Py_ssize_t size) { PyListObject *op; if (size < 0) { PyErr_BadInternalCall(); return NULL; } if (numfree) { // 如果free_list中有缓存的对象,则直接从free_list中获取一个对象来使用。 numfree--; op = free_list[numfree]; _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op); } else { // 缓存中没有,则需要 开辟内存 & 初始化对象 op = PyObject_GC_New(PyListObject, &PyList_Type); if (op == NULL) return NULL; } if (size <= 0) op->ob_item = NULL; else { op->ob_item = (PyObject **) PyMem_Calloc(size, sizeof(PyObject *)); if (op->ob_item == NULL) { Py_DECREF(op); return PyErr_NoMemory(); } } Py_SIZE(op) = size; op->allocated = size; // 把对象加入到分代回收的三代中的0代链表中。 _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op); return (PyObject *) op; }
static inline void _PyObject_GC_TRACK_impl(const char *filename, int lineno, PyObject *op) { _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(op, !_PyObject_GC_IS_TRACKED(op), "object already tracked by the garbage collector", filename, lineno, "_PyObject_GC_TRACK"); PyGC_Head *gc = _Py_AS_GC(op); _PyObject_ASSERT_FROM(op, (gc->_gc_prev & _PyGC_PREV_MASK_COLLECTING) == 0, "object is in generation which is garbage collected", filename, lineno, "_PyObject_GC_TRACK"); // 把对象加入到链表中,链表尾部还是gc.generation0。 PyGC_Head *last = (PyGC_Head*)(_PyRuntime.gc.generation0->_gc_prev); _PyGCHead_SET_NEXT(last, gc); _PyGCHead_SET_PREV(gc, last); _PyGCHead_SET_NEXT(gc, _PyRuntime.gc.generation0); _PyRuntime.gc.generation0->_gc_prev = (uintptr_t)gc; } #define _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op) _PyObject_GC_TRACK_impl(__FILE__, __LINE__, _PyObject_CAST(op))
Include/objimpl.h #define PyObject_GC_New(type, typeobj) ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_New(typeobj) )
//Modules/gcmodule.c PyObject * _PyObject_GC_New(PyTypeObject *tp) { // 创建对象 PyObject *op = _PyObject_GC_Malloc(_PyObject_SIZE(tp)); if (op != NULL) // 初始化对象并把对象加入到refchain链表中。 op = PyObject_INIT(op, tp); return op; } PyObject * _PyObject_GC_Malloc(size_t basicsize) { return _PyObject_GC_Alloc(0, basicsize); } static PyObject * _PyObject_GC_Alloc(int use_calloc, size_t basicsize) { // 包含分代回收的三代链表 struct _gc_runtime_state *state = &_PyRuntime.gc; PyObject *op; PyGC_Head *g; size_t size; if (basicsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX - sizeof(PyGC_Head)) return PyErr_NoMemory(); size = sizeof(PyGC_Head) + basicsize; // 创建 gc head if (use_calloc) g = (PyGC_Head *)PyObject_Calloc(1, size); else g = (PyGC_Head *)PyObject_Malloc(size); if (g == NULL) return PyErr_NoMemory(); assert(((uintptr_t)g & 3) == 0); // g must be aligned 4bytes boundary g->_gc_next = 0; g->_gc_prev = 0; // 分代回收的0代数量+1 state->generations[0].count++; /* number of allocated GC objects */ // 如果0代超出自己的阈值,进行垃圾分代回收。 if (state->generations[0].count > state->generations[0].threshold && state->enabled && state->generations[0].threshold && !state->collecting && !PyErr_Occurred()) { // 正在收集 state->collecting = 1; // 去进行垃圾回收收集 collect_generations(state); // 结束收集 state->collecting = 0; } op = FROM_GC(g); return op; } /* Get the object given the GC head */ #define FROM_GC(g) ((PyObject *)(((PyGC_Head *)g)+1)) static Py_ssize_t collect_generations(struct _gc_runtime_state *state) { Py_ssize_t n = 0; // 倒序循环三代,按照:2、1、0顺序 for (int i = NUM_GENERATIONS-1; i >= 0; i--) { if (state->generations[i].count > state->generations[i].threshold) { if (i == NUM_GENERATIONS - 1 && state->long_lived_pending < state->long_lived_total / 4) continue; // 去进行回收,回收当前代之前的所有代。 n = collect_with_callback(state, i); break; } } return n; } static Py_ssize_t collect_with_callback(struct _gc_runtime_state *state, int generation) { ... // 回收,0、1、2代(通过引用传参获取 已回收的和未回收的链表) result = collect(state, generation, &collected, &uncollectable, 0); ... return result; } /* This is the main function. Read this to understand how the collection process works. */ static Py_ssize_t collect(struct _gc_runtime_state *state, int generation, Py_ssize_t *n_collected, Py_ssize_t *n_uncollectable, int nofail) { int i; Py_ssize_t m = 0; /* # objects collected */ Py_ssize_t n = 0; /* # unreachable objects that couldn't be collected */ PyGC_Head *young; /* the generation we are examining */ PyGC_Head *old; /* next older generation */ PyGC_Head unreachable; /* non-problematic unreachable trash */ PyGC_Head finalizers; /* objects with, & reachable from, __del__ */ PyGC_Head *gc; _PyTime_t t1 = 0; /* initialize to prevent a compiler warning */ /* update collection and allocation counters */ // generation分别会是 0 1 2 // 让当前执行收集的代的更高级的代的count加1 ?例如:0带时,让1代的count+1 // 因为当前带扫描一次,则更高级代count+1,当前带扫描到10次时,更高级的带要扫描一次。 if (generation+1 < NUM_GENERATIONS) state->generations[generation+1].count += 1; // 比当前代低的代的count设置为0,因为当前带扫描时候会携带年轻带一起扫描,本次扫描之后对象都会升级到高级别的带,年轻代则为0 for (i = 0; i <= generation; i++) state->generations[i].count = 0; // 总结:比当前扫描的代高的带count+1,自己和比自己低的代count设置为0. // 将比自己代低的所有代,搞到一个链表中 // #define GEN_HEAD(state, n) (&(state)->generations[n].head) for (i = 0; i < generation; i++) { gc_list_merge(GEN_HEAD(state, i), GEN_HEAD(state, generation)); } // 获取当前代的head(链表头) // #define GEN_HEAD(state, n) (&(state)->generations[n].head) young = GEN_HEAD(state, generation); // 比当前代老的head(链表头),如果是0、1、2中的2代时,则两个值相等。 if (generation < NUM_GENERATIONS-1) //0、1代 old = GEN_HEAD(state, generation+1); else //2代 old = young; // 循环当前代(包含比自己年轻的代的链表)重的每个元素,将引用计数器拷贝到gc_refs中。 // 拷贝出来的用于以后做计数器的计算,不回去更改原来的引用计数器的值。 update_refs(young); // gc_prev is used for gc_refs // 处理循环引用,把循环引用的位置值为0. subtract_refs(young); // 将链表中所有引用计数器为0的,移动到unreachable链表(不可达链表)。 // 循环young链表中的每个元素,并根据拷贝的引用计数器gc_refs进行判断,如果为0则放入不可达链表; gc_list_init(&unreachable); move_unreachable(young, &unreachable); // gc_prev is pointer again validate_list(young, 0); untrack_tuples(young); /* Move reachable objects to next generation. */ // 将可达对象加入到下一代。 if (young != old) { // 如果是0、1代,则升级到下一代。 if (generation == NUM_GENERATIONS - 2) { // 如果是1代,则更新 state->long_lived_pending += gc_list_size(young); } // 把young链表拼接到old链表中。 gc_list_merge(young, old); } else { /* We only untrack dicts in full collections, to avoid quadratic dict build-up. See issue #14775. */ // 如果是2代,则更新long_lived_total和long_lived_pending untrack_dicts(young); state->long_lived_pending = 0; state->long_lived_total = gc_list_size(young); } // 循环所有不可达的元素,把具有 __del__ 方法对象放到finalizers链表中。 // 调用__del__之后,再会进行让他们在销毁。 gc_list_init(&finalizers); // NEXT_MASK_UNREACHABLE is cleared here. // After move_legacy_finalizers(), unreachable is normal list. move_legacy_finalizers(&unreachable, &finalizers); /* finalizers contains the unreachable objects with a legacy finalizer; * unreachable objects reachable *from* those are also uncollectable, * and we move those into the finalizers list too. */ move_legacy_finalizer_reachable(&finalizers); validate_list(&finalizers, 0); validate_list(&unreachable, PREV_MASK_COLLECTING); ... /* Clear weakrefs and invoke callbacks as necessary. */ // 循环所有的不可达元素,处理所有弱引用到unreachable,如果弱引用对象仍然生存则放回old链表中。 m += handle_weakrefs(&unreachable, old); validate_list(old, 0); validate_list(&unreachable, PREV_MASK_COLLECTING); /* Call tp_finalize on objects which have one. */ // 执行那些具有的__del__方法的对象。 finalize_garbage(&unreachable); // 最后,进行进行对垃圾的清除。 if (check_garbage(&unreachable)) { // clear PREV_MASK_COLLECTING here gc_list_merge(&unreachable, old); } else { /* Call tp_clear on objects in the unreachable set. This will cause * the reference cycles to be broken. It may also cause some objects * in finalizers to be freed. */ m += gc_list_size(&unreachable); delete_garbage(state, &unreachable, old); } /* Collect statistics on uncollectable objects found and print * debugging information. */ for (gc = GC_NEXT(&finalizers); gc != &finalizers; gc = GC_NEXT(gc)) { n++; if (state->debug & DEBUG_UNCOLLECTABLE) debug_cycle("uncollectable", FROM_GC(gc)); } if (state->debug & DEBUG_STATS) { double d = _PyTime_AsSecondsDouble(_PyTime_GetMonotonicClock() - t1); PySys_WriteStderr( "gc: done, %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d unreachable, " "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d uncollectable, %.4fs elapsed ", n+m, n, d); } /* Append instances in the uncollectable set to a Python * reachable list of garbage. The programmer has to deal with * this if they insist on creating this type of structure. */ // 执行完 __del__没有,不应该被删除的对象,再重新加入到可达链表中。 handle_legacy_finalizers(state, &finalizers, old); validate_list(old, 0); /* Clear free list only during the collection of the highest * generation */ if (generation == NUM_GENERATIONS-1) { clear_freelists(); } ... return n+m; }
引用
v1 = [11,22,33]
v2 = v1
当对对象进行引用时候,内部引用计数器+1,原理同上。
销毁
v1 = [11,22,33] del v1
对列表对象进行销毁时,本质上就会执行引用计数器-1(同上),但当引用计数器为0时候,会执行list对象的tp_dealloc
,即:
// Object/listobject.c PyTypeObject PyList_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "list", sizeof(PyListObject), 0, (destructor)list_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ ... PyObject_GC_Del, /* tp_free */ }; /* Empty list reuse scheme to save calls to malloc and free */ #ifndef PyList_MAXFREELIST #define PyList_MAXFREELIST 80 #endif static PyListObject *free_list[PyList_MAXFREELIST]; static int numfree = 0; static void list_dealloc(PyListObject *op) { Py_ssize_t i; // 从分代回收的的代中移除 PyObject_GC_UnTrack(op); Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, list_dealloc) if (op->ob_item != NULL) { /* Do it backwards, for Christian Tismer. There's a simple test case where somehow this reduces thrashing when a *very* large list is created and immediately deleted. */ i = Py_SIZE(op); while (--i >= 0) { Py_XDECREF(op->ob_item[i]); } PyMem_FREE(op->ob_item); } if (numfree < PyList_MAXFREELIST && PyList_CheckExact(op)) // free_list中还么有占满80,不销毁并缓冲在free_list中 free_list[numfree++] = op; else // 销毁并在refchain中移除 Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject *)op); Py_TRASHCAN_END }
Tuple类型
创建
v = (11,22,33)
当创建元组时候,会执行如下源码:
// Objects/tupleobject.c #define PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE 20 /* Largest tuple to save on free list */ #define PyTuple_MAXFREELIST 2000 /* Maximum number of tuples of each size to save */ static PyTupleObject *free_list[PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE]; // free_list[20] = {链表、链表..} static int numfree[PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE]; // numfree[2000]表示每个链表的长度 PyObject * PyTuple_New(Py_ssize_t size) { PyTupleObject *op; ... // free_list第0个元素存储的是空元祖 if (size == 0 && free_list[0]) { op = free_list[0]; Py_INCREF(op); return (PyObject *) op; } // 有缓存的tuple对象,则从free_list中获取 if (size < PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE && (op = free_list[size]) != NULL) { // 获取对象并初始化 free_list[size] = (PyTupleObject *) op->ob_item[0]; numfree[size]--; Py_SIZE(op) = size; Py_TYPE(op) = &PyTuple_Type; // 对象加入到refchain链表。 _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)op); } else { .. // 没有缓存数据,则创建对象 op = PyObject_GC_NewVar(PyTupleObject, &PyTuple_Type, size); if (op == NULL) return NULL; } for (i=0; i < size; i++) op->ob_item[i] = NULL; if (size == 0) { free_list[0] = op; ++numfree[0]; Py_INCREF(op); /* extra INCREF so that this is never freed */ } // 对象加入到分代的链表。 _PyObject_GC_TRACK(op); return (PyObject *) op; }
// Includes/objimpl.h #define PyObject_GC_NewVar(type, typeobj, n) ( (type *) _PyObject_GC_NewVar((typeobj), (n)) )
Objects/gcmodules.c PyVarObject * _PyObject_GC_NewVar(PyTypeObject *tp, Py_ssize_t nitems) { size_t size; PyVarObject *op; if (nitems < 0) { PyErr_BadInternalCall(); return NULL; } size = _PyObject_VAR_SIZE(tp, nitems); // 开内存 & 分代 & 超过阈值则垃圾回收(流程同上述 列表过程) op = (PyVarObject *) _PyObject_GC_Malloc(size); if (op != NULL) op = PyObject_INIT_VAR(op, tp, nitems); return op; }
引用
v1 = (11,22,33)
v2 = v1
引用时会触发引用计数器 + 1,具体流程同上。
销毁
v = (11,22,33) del v
销毁对象时候,执行引用计数器-1,如果计数器减为0,则触发tuple类型的tp_dealloc
,详细如下:
PyTypeObject PyTuple_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "tuple", sizeof(PyTupleObject) - sizeof(PyObject *), sizeof(PyObject *), (destructor)tupledealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ ... PyObject_GC_Del, /* tp_free */ }; static void tupledealloc(PyTupleObject *op) { Py_ssize_t i; Py_ssize_t len = Py_SIZE(op); // 从分代的链表中移除 PyObject_GC_UnTrack(op); Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(op, tupledealloc) if (len > 0) { i = len; while (--i >= 0) Py_XDECREF(op->ob_item[i]); // 缓存到free_list中 if (len < PyTuple_MAXSAVESIZE && numfree[len] < PyTuple_MAXFREELIST && Py_TYPE(op) == &PyTuple_Type) { op->ob_item[0] = (PyObject *) free_list[len]; numfree[len]++; free_list[len] = op; // 结束 goto done; /* return */ } } // 不缓存,则直接销毁对象并在refchain链表中移除。 Py_TYPE(op)->tp_free((PyObject *)op); done: Py_TRASHCAN_END }
Dict类型
创建
v = {"name":"小白","age":18}
当创建一个字典对象时,Python底层会执行如下源码:
#define PyDict_MAXFREELIST 80 // 缓存dict对象的free_list static PyDictObject *free_list[PyDict_MAXFREELIST]; static int numfree = 0; PyObject * PyDict_New(void) { dictkeys_incref(Py_EMPTY_KEYS); return new_dict(Py_EMPTY_KEYS, empty_values); } /* Consumes a reference to the keys object */ static PyObject * new_dict(PyDictKeysObject *keys, PyObject **values) { PyDictObject *mp; assert(keys != NULL); // 如果有缓存,则从缓存区获取一个对象 if (numfree) { mp = free_list[--numfree]; assert (mp != NULL); assert (Py_TYPE(mp) == &PyDict_Type); _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)mp); } else { // 没有缓存,则去创建字典对象。(源码流程同list类型) mp = PyObject_GC_New(PyDictObject, &PyDict_Type); if (mp == NULL) { dictkeys_decref(keys); if (values != empty_values) { free_values(values); } return NULL; } } mp->ma_keys = keys; mp->ma_values = values; mp->ma_used = 0; mp->ma_version_tag = DICT_NEXT_VERSION(); ASSERT_CONSISTENT(mp); return (PyObject *)mp; }
引用
v1 = {"name":"小白","age":18} v2 = v1
出现引用,则应用计数器+1(同上)。
销毁
v1 = {"name":"小白","age":18} del v1
销毁一个对象时候,引用计数器-1,当减到0时候,则触发dict类型的tp_dealloc
,源码如下:
// Object/dictobject.c PyTypeObject PyDict_Type = { PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0) "dict", sizeof(PyDictObject), 0, (destructor)dict_dealloc, /* tp_dealloc */ ... PyObject_GC_Del, /* tp_free */ }; static void dict_dealloc(PyDictObject *mp) { PyObject **values = mp->ma_values; PyDictKeysObject *keys = mp->ma_keys; Py_ssize_t i, n; // 从分代链表中移除 PyObject_GC_UnTrack(mp); Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(mp, dict_dealloc) ... // 缓存区为满,则缓存 if (numfree < PyDict_MAXFREELIST && Py_TYPE(mp) == &PyDict_Type) free_list[numfree++] = mp; else // 已满则销毁,并在refchain中移除。 Py_TYPE(mp)->tp_free((PyObject *)mp); Py_TRASHCAN_END }