14，UA池和代理池

今日概要

• scrapy下载中间件
• UA池
• 代理池

一，下载中间件（Downloader Middlewares） 位于scrapy引擎和下载器之间的一层组件。

- 作用：

（1）引擎将请求传递给下载器过程中，下载中间件可以对请求进行一系列处理。比如设置请求的User-Agent，设置代理等；

（2）在下载器完成将Response传递给引擎中，下载中间件可以对响应进行一系列处理。比如进行gzip解压等。

我们主要使用下载中间件处理请求，一般会对请求设置随机的User-Agent，设置随机的代理。目的在于防止爬取网站的反爬虫策略。

二，UA池：User-Agent池

- 作用：尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求伪装成不同类型的浏览器身份。

- 操作流程：

　　1，在下载中间件中拦截请求

　　2，将拦截到的请求的请求头信息中的UA进行篡改伪装

　　3，在配置文件中开启下载中间件

三.代理池

- 作用：尽可能多的将scrapy工程中的请求的IP设置成不同的。

- 操作流程：

    1.在下载中间件中拦截请求

    2.将拦截到的请求的IP修改成某一代理IP

    3.在配置文件中开启下载中间件

代码展示：

settings.py

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'middlePro.middlewares.MiddleproDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
}

　　

middlewares.py

from scrapy import signals
import random

class MiddleproDownloaderMiddleware(object):
    user_agent_list = [
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/22.0.1207.1 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; CrOS i686 2268.111.0) AppleWebKit/536.11 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1132.57 Safari/536.11",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1092.0 Safari/536.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.6 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/20.0.1090.0 Safari/536.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.1 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.77.34.5 Safari/537.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.9 Safari/536.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.0) AppleWebKit/536.5 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.36 Safari/536.5",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 5.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_0) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1063.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1062.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.1 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2) AppleWebKit/536.3 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1061.0 Safari/536.3",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/535.24 "
        "(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1055.1 Safari/535.24"
    ]
    # 可被选用的代理IP
    PROXY_http = [
        '153.180.102.104:80',
        '195.208.131.189:56055',
    ]
    PROXY_https = [
        '120.83.49.90:9000',
        '95.189.112.214:35508',
    ]

    #拦截所有未发生异常的请求
    def process_request(self, request, spider):
        # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
        # middleware.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this request
        # - or return a Response object
        # - or return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
        #   installed downloader middleware will be called

        #使用UA池进行请求的UA伪装
        print('this is process_request')
        request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(self.user_agent_list)
        print(request.headers['User-Agent'])
        
        return None
    #拦截所有的响应
    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
        # Called with the response returned from the downloader.

        # Must either;
        # - return a Response object
        # - return a Request object
        # - or raise IgnoreRequest
        return response
    #拦截到产生异常的请求
    def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
        # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
        # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

        # Must either:
        # - return None: continue processing this exception
        # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
        # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
        # 使用代理池进行请求代理ip的设置
        print('this is process_exception!')
        if request.url.split(':')[0] == 'http':
            request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_http)
        else:
            request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(self.PROXY_https)