数据库不完全恢复 以及恢复到测试环境：

 sample 1: 

1.清空归档日志

RMAN> crosscheck archivelog all;

RMAN> delete achivelog all;

2.清空数据文件。

select name from v$datafile;

rm v$datafile

3.恢复数据

  ##check file date:  

##把db数据恢复到：2017-02-05 00:00:00

 ls -lt /ngenprdblog/
 ls -lt /ngprdb/data
 
 ##change data file location to '/ngprdb/data'
 rman nocatalog target /
 catalog start with '/ngprdb/data';
 switch database to copy;

(解释如下)
现在换个角度来考虑，这些控制文件记录的都是不存在的文件，只是数据库认为是这些文件，而我的ASM上才是真实的数据文件，那么，
我可以把ASM上的文件都认为是数据文件的copy备份，完全可以使用RMAN的catalog start with手工将这些copy“备份”加进来，数据库会认为这些文件就只是数据文件的copy备份，然后直接switch database to copy就可以成功切换。）

 ### change logfile location to '/ngprdb/data'
 select 'alter database rename file '||''''||member||''''||' to '||chr(39)||replace(member,'/ngenprdb/','/ngprdb/')||''';'   
from v$logfile;



 ###recover database method 1
recover database;
sql 'alter database open';
 
 ##recover database method 2
run{
set until time "to_date('2017-02-05 00:00:00','YYYY-MM-DD  HH24:MI:SS')";
restore database;
recover database;
sql 'alter database open resetlogs';
}


sampe 2 .restore prod db to uat db

initedruat.ora

change db_name
#db_name = edruat
db_name = edrprod

dbngt6[/home/oracle][edruat] >sqlplus / as sysdba

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Tue May 9 17:06:05 2017

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

Connected to an idle instance.

SQL> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 5678927872 bytes
Fixed Size 2215680 bytes
Variable Size 1006633216 bytes
Database Buffers 4664066048 bytes
Redo Buffers 6012928 bytes
Database mounted.
SQL> alter database backup controlfile to trace;

Database altered.

SQL> select * from v$diag_info;

initedruat.ora
change db_name
db_name = edruat
#db_name = edrprod

sed -n "1,2p"
sed -n "70,210p" /edruatdb/diag/rdbms/edrprod/edruat/trace/edruat_ora_8217.trc > /tmp/contrl.sql
set ic
%s/prod/uat/g
%s/PROD/UAT/g

###
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-01161: database name EDRPROD in file header does not match given name of
EDRUAT
ORA-01110: data file 1: '/edruatdb/data/system_f01.dbf'
#####

vi /tmp/contrl.sql
chang "resue" to "SET" and "NORESETLOGS" to "RESETLOGS"

CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE "DEV" RESETLOGS ARCHIVELOG

######
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-00200: control file could not be created
ORA-00202: control file: '/edruatdb/data/cntl01.ctl'
ORA-27038: created file already exists
Additional information: 1
######

mv /edruatdb/data/cntl01.ctl /edruatdb/data/cntl01.ctl.bak
mv /edruatdb/data/cntl02.ctl /edruatdb/data/cntl02.ctl.bak

SQL> @/tmp/contrl.sql
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area 5678927872 bytes
Fixed Size 2215680 bytes
Variable Size 1006633216 bytes
Database Buffers 4664066048 bytes
Redo Buffers 6012928 bytes

Control file created.

SQL> recover database using backup controlfile until cancel;
ORA-00279: change 9742867340450 generated at 05/08/2017 14:00:07 needed for
thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : /edruatdblog/edrprod_863435250_1_37704.arc
ORA-00280: change 9742867340450 for thread 1 is in sequence #37704

Specify log: {<RET>=suggested | filename | AUTO | CANCEL}
AUTO
ORA-00279: change 9742867342449 generated at 05/08/2017 14:43:31 needed for
thread 1
ORA-00289: suggestion : /edruatdblog/edrprod_863435250_1_37705.arc
ORA-00280: change 9742867342449 for thread 1 is in sequence #37705
ORA-00278: log file '/edruatdblog/edrprod_863435250_1_37704.arc' no longer
needed for this recovery

SQL> alter database open resetlogs;

Database altered.

cd /edruatdb/change/env

SQL> @chg_env_edruat.sql

rm /edruatdb/data/temp_f*

alter tablespace TEMP add tempfile '/edruatdb/data/temp_f01.dbf' size 4000m autoextend on;
alter tablespace TEMP add tempfile '/edruatdb/data/temp_f02.dbf' size 4000m autoextend on;
alter tablespace TEMP add tempfile '/edruatdb/data/temp_f03.dbf' size 4000m autoextend on;

alter database default temporary tablespace temp;

Solution

How to restore a complete database from an RMAN backup

This note assumes an RMAN catalog is not available. The use of a catalog is optional in this scenario as the backup information is available in the controlfile.

Prior to restoring a database you must ensure you have a valid RMAN backup.

In this example we will assume all files are required to be restored:

* Datafiles
* Controlfiles
* Archivelogs (In order to perform recovery)

Online redo logs and temp files are recreated automatically by RMAN when a resetlogs is issued. Online redo logs and temp files are not backed up by RMAN

Step 1:  Identify controlfile backup to restore

Note: If  you do not need to restore a controlfile proceed to step 3.

* Locate the RMAN backup you wish to restore.
* These files should be located in the directory where they were backed up to.
* If you have the RMAN backup log available this will also be of assistance.

Within the RMAN backup log you will see the controlfile is backed up last the the piece handle is shown.

....
including current control file in backup set
including current SPFILE in backup set
channel ORA_DISK_1: starting piece 1 at 2009/01/01 12:00:00
channel ORA_DISK_1: finished piece 1 at 2009/01/01 12:00:02
piece handle=/recovery_area/V11/backupset/2009_05_0 /o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20090506T11_501tr0h7_.bkp tag=TAG20090506T11 comment=NONE
channel ORA_DISK_1: backup set complete, elapsed time: 00:00:02

If you do not have an RMAN backup log simply locate the last file RMAN backed up.  This should contain the controlfile backup.

Step 2:  Restore the controlfile

2a) If you DO NOT have a spfile.

If you do have an spfile or init.ora move to Step 2b

If you do not have a valid spfile or init.ora RMAN has the ability to nomount an instance without the requirement of a spfile. This will allow you to restore your spfile from a valid backup.

% rman target /

RMAN> startup nomount force;

You will see this message:

..
starting Oracle instance without parameter file for retrieval of spfile
..

At this point you can restore the spfile:

RMAN> restore spfile from '/recovery_area/V11/backupset/2009_05_05/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20_501tr0h7_.bkp';

RMAN> shutdown immediate;

Once the spfile has been successfully restored proceed to Step 2b.

2b)

SQL> startup nomount;

Following the successful nomount of the instance you are ready to restore the
controlfile;

NOTE: The controlfile will be restored to the following location:

SQL> show parameter control_files

NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
control_files string /oradata/V11/control01.ctl

% rman target /

You will see the message:

connected to target database: V11 (not mounted)


RMAN> restore controlfile from '/recovery_area/V11/backupset/2009_05_06/o1_mf_ncsnf_TAG20090506T113947_501tr0h7_.bkp';

Starting restore at 2009/05/11 11:01:26
allocated channel: ORA_DISK_1
channel ORA_DISK_1: SID=151 device type=DISK

channel ORA_DISK_1: restoring control file
channel ORA_DISK_1: restore complete, elapsed time: 00:00:01
output file name=/oradata/V11/control01.ctl
Finished restore at 2009/05/11 11:01:27

In this example the controlfile has been restored to '/oradata/V11/control01.ctl'

Step 3:  Restore and recover the database

Your next task is to restore the database and perform recovery.  Mount the database now that the controlfile has been restored:

RMAN> alter database mount;

Now you have two options for recovery.

1) Full/Complete recovery.
2) Point In Time Recovery (PIT)

In both examples it is assumed that all archivelogs are available to perform the recovery.

Full recovery
==========

To Perform a full restore and recovery.

run{
restore database;
recover database;
alter database open resetlogs;
}

If you performed a complete recovery with current controlfile and online redologs in place, you might get below error when opening the database with resetlogs:

ORA-01139: RESET LOGS option only valid after an incomplete database recovery

At this point simply open the database without resetlogs option.

PITR Recovery
===========

Point-In-Time Recovery (PITR) would be used if you have decided to restore a database to a particular point in time. This may be warranted for a hardware fault or if you are aware of a database corruption that occured at a certain date/time.

run{
set until time "to_date('Aug 16 2014 10:30:00','Mon DD YYYY HH24:MI:SS')";
restore database;
recover database;
sql 'alter database open resetlogs';
}

NOTE: The above scripts may be altered to allocate more channels. Good practice would be to review the backup log and use the same number of channels for restore as that used by the backup.