Python之requests模块详解

模块说明：requests是使用Apache2 licensed 许可证的HTTP库，用python编写，比urllib2模块更简洁。
Request支持HTTP连接保持和连接池，支持使用cookie保持会话，支持文件上传，支持自动响应内容的编码，支持国际化的URL和POST数据自动编码。在python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装，从而使得python进行网络请求时，变得人性化，使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。现代，国际化，友好。requests会自动实现持久连接keep-alive
1）导入模块

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1	import requests

相信这个都能看懂。

2）发送请求的简洁

示例代码：获取一个网页（个人github）

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import requests   r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不带参数的get请求 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 带参数的get请求

我们就可以使用该方式使用以下各种操作

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1   requests.get(‘[url]https://github.com/timeline.json[/url]’)                                # GET请求 2   requests.post(“[url]http://httpbin.org/post[/url]”)                                        # POST请求 3   requests.put(“[url]http://httpbin.org/put[/url]”)                                          # PUT请求 4   requests.delete(“[url]http://httpbin.org/delete[/url]”)                                    # DELETE请求 5   requests.head(“[url]http://httpbin.org/get[/url]”)                                         # HEAD请求 6   requests.options(“[url]http://httpbin.org/get[/url]” )                                     # OPTIONS请求

3）为url传递参数

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>>> url_params = {'key':'value'}       #    字典传递参数，如果值为None的键不会被添加到url中 >>> r = requests.get('your url',params = url_params) >>> print(r.url) 　　your url?key=value

4）响应的内容

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r.encoding                       #获取当前的编码 r.encoding = 'utf-8'             #设置编码 r.text                           #以encoding解析返回内容。字符串方式的响应体，会自动根据响应头部的字符编码进行解码。 r.content                        #以字节形式（二进制）返回。字节方式的响应体，会自动为你解码 gzip 和 deflate 压缩。   r.headers                        #以字典对象存储服务器响应头，但是这个字典比较特殊，字典键不区分大小写，若键不存在则返回None   r.status_code                     #响应状态码 r.raw                             #返回原始响应体，也就是 urllib 的 response 对象，使用 r.raw.read()   r.ok                              # 查看r.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功  #*特殊方法*# r.json()                         #Requests中内置的JSON解码器，以json形式返回,前提返回的内容确保是json格式的，不然解析出错会抛异常 r.raise_for_status()             #失败请求(非200响应)抛出异常

post发送json请求：

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1 import requests 2 import json 3  4 r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=json.dumps({'some': 'data'})) 5 print(r.json())

5）定制头和cookie信息

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header = {'user-agent': 'my-app/0.0.1''} cookie = {'key':'value'}  r = requests.get/post('your url',headers=header,cookies=cookie)

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data = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json',            'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:22.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/22.0'}    r = requests.post('https://api.github.com/some/endpoint', data=data, headers=headers) print(r.text)

6）响应状态码
使用requests方法后，会返回一个response对象，其存储了服务器响应的内容，如上实例中已经提到的 r.text、r.status_code……
获取文本方式的响应体实例：当你访问 r.text 之时，会使用其响应的文本编码进行解码，并且你可以修改其编码让 r.text 使用自定义的编码进行解码。

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1 r = requests.get('http://www.itwhy.org') 2 print(r.text, ' {} '.format('*'*79), r.encoding) 3 r.encoding = 'GBK' 4 print(r.text, ' {} '.format('*'*79), r.encoding)

实例代码：

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import requests   r = requests.get('https://github.com/Ranxf')       # 最基本的不带参数的get请求 print(r.status_code)                               # 获取返回状态 r1 = requests.get(url='http://dict.baidu.com/s', params={'wd': 'python'})      # 带参数的get请求 print(r1.url) print(r1.text)        # 打印解码后的返回数据

运行后得到：

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/usr/bin/python3.5 /home/rxf/python3_1000/1000/python3_server/python3_requests/demo1.py 200 [url]http://dict.baidu.com/s?wd=python[/url] …………   Process finished with exit code 0

r.status_code      #如果不是200，可以使用 r.raise_for_status() 抛出异常

7）响应

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r.headers                                  #返回字典类型,头信息 r.requests.headers                         #返回发送到服务器的头信息 r.cookies                                  #返回cookie r.history                                  #返回重定向信息,当然可以在请求是加上allow_redirects = false 阻止重定向

8）超时

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1	r = requests.get('url',timeout=1)           #设置秒数超时，仅对于连接有效

9)会话对象，能够跨请求保持某些参数

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s = requests.Session() s.auth = ('auth','passwd') s.headers = {'key':'value'} r = s.get('url') r1 = s.get('url1')

10）代{过}{滤}理

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1 2	proxies = {'http':'ip1','https':'ip2' } requests.get('url',proxies=proxies)

汇总如下：

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# HTTP请求类型 # get类型 r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') # post类型 r = requests.post("http://m.ctrip.com/post") # put类型 r = requests.put("http://m.ctrip.com/put") # delete类型 r = requests.delete("http://m.ctrip.com/delete") # head类型 r = requests.head("http://m.ctrip.com/head") # options类型 r = requests.options("http://m.ctrip.com/get")   # 获取响应内容 print(r.content) #以字节的方式去显示，中文显示为字符 print(r.text) #以文本的方式去显示   #URL传递参数 payload = {'keyword': '香港', 'salecityid': '2'} r = requests.get("http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list", params=payload) print（r.url） #示例为[url]http://m.ctrip.com/webapp/tourvisa/visa_list?salecityid=2&keyword=[/url]香港   #获取/修改网页编码 r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print （r.encoding）     #json处理 r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json') print（r.json()） # 需要先import json      # 定制请求头 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 4.2.1; en-us; Nexus 4 Build/JOP40D) AppleWebKit/535.19 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/18.0.1025.166 Mobile Safari/535.19'} r = requests.post(url, headers=headers) print （r.request.headers)   #复杂post请求 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' payload = {'some': 'data'} r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload)) #如果传递的payload是string而不是dict，需要先调用dumps方法格式化一下   # post多部分编码文件 url = 'http://m.ctrip.com' files = {'file': open('report.xls', 'rb')} r = requests.post(url, files=files)   # 响应状态码 r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print(r.status_code)       # 响应头 r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com') print (r.headers) print (r.headers['Content-Type']) print (r.headers.get('content-type')) #访问响应头部分内容的两种方式       # Cookies url = 'http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url' r = requests.get(url) r.cookies['example_cookie_name']    #读取cookies       url = 'http://m.ctrip.com/cookies' cookies = dict(cookies_are='working') r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies) #发送cookies   #设置超时时间 r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', timeout=0.001)   #设置访问代{过}{滤}理 proxies = {            "http": "http://10.10.1.10:3128",            "https": "http://10.10.1.100:4444",           } r = requests.get('http://m.ctrip.com', proxies=proxies)     #如果代{过}{滤}理需要用户名和密码，则需要这样： proxies = {     "http": "http://user:pass@10.10.1.10:3128/", }

11)GET请求代码示例

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# 1、无参数实例   import requests   ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')   print(ret.url) print(ret.text)       # 2、有参数实例   import requests   payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)   print(ret.url) print(ret.text)

12)POST请求代码示例

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# 1、基本POST实例     import requests     payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'} ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)     print(ret.text)         # 2、发送请求头和数据实例     import requests import json     url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' payload = {'some': 'data'} headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}     ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)     print(ret.text) print(ret.cookies)

13)请求参数

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def request(method, url, **kwargs):     """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.       :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.     :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.     :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.     :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.     :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.     :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.     :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.     :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.         ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``         or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string         defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers         to add for the file.     :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.     :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data         before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read         timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.     :type timeout: float or tuple     :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.     :type allow_redirects: bool     :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.     :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.     :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.     :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.     :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object     :rtype: requests.Response       Usage::         >>> import requests       >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')       <Response [200]>     """

参数示例代码

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def param_method_url():     # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')     # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')     pass     def param_param():     # - 可以是字典     # - 可以是字符串     # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内）       # requests.request(method='get',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})       # requests.request(method='get',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")       # requests.request(method='get',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))       # 错误     # requests.request(method='get',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))     pass     def param_data():     # 可以是字典     # 可以是字符串     # 可以是字节     # 可以是文件对象       # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})       # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"     # )       # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}     # )       # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4     # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}     # )     pass     def param_json():     # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...)     # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}     requests.request(method='POST',                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})     def param_headers():     # 发送请求头到服务器端     requests.request(method='POST',                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                      json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},                      headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}                      )     def param_cookies():     # 发送Cookie到服务器端     requests.request(method='POST',                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},                      cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},                      )     # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装）     from http.cookiejar import CookieJar     from http.cookiejar import Cookie       obj = CookieJar()     obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,                           discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,                           port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)                    )     requests.request(method='POST',                      url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',                      data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},                      cookies=obj)     def param_files():     # 发送文件     # file_dict = {     # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')     # }     # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # files=file_dict)       # 发送文件，定制文件名     # file_dict = {     # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))     # }     # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # files=file_dict)       # 发送文件，定制文件名     # file_dict = {     # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")     # }     # requests.request(method='POST',     # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     # files=file_dict)       # 发送文件，定制文件名     # file_dict = {     #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})     # }     # requests.request(method='POST',     #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',     #                  files=file_dict)       pass     def param_auth():     from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth       ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))     print(ret.text)       # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',     # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))     # ret.encoding = 'gbk'     # print(ret.text)       # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))     # print(ret)     #     def param_timeout():     # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)     # print(ret)       # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))     # print(ret)     pass     def param_allow_redirects():     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)     print(ret.text)     def param_proxies():     # proxies = {     # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",     # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",     # }       # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}       # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)     # print(ret.headers)         # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth     #     # proxyDict = {     # 'http': '77.75.105.165',     # 'https': '77.75.105.165'     # }     # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')     #     # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)     # print(r.text)       pass     def param_stream():     ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)     print(ret.content)     ret.close()       # from contextlib import closing     # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:     # # 在此处理响应。     # for i in r.iter_content():     # print(i)     def requests_session():     import requests       session = requests.Session()       ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie       i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")       ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权     i2 = session.post(         url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",         data={             'phone': "8615131255089",             'password': "xxxxxx",             'oneMonth': ""         }     )       i3 = session.post(         url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",     )     print(i3.text)  参数示例代码