一、写作概述
做题时间分配以及做题顺序
写作（40分钟结束）、阅读理解（一篇文章20-25分钟，4篇90分钟左右）、新题型（15分钟）、翻译（20分钟结束）、完型（15分钟）
1.写作题型
大作文：图表、图画（160-200词，18行左右最合适，25分钟结束）
小作文：
应用文：私人书信、公务书信、告示（10行左右，包括称呼和落款，15分钟必须结束）
2.评分原则和方法
黄金原则1：
书写工整，卷面整洁，字迹清晰
黄金原则2：
语言第一：单词、语法正确、准确、多变。（不要出现单词错误，拼写错误、别自创词）
结构第二：
1.三段论
2.写作中，只要上下句之间有逻辑关系，就一定要用逻辑关系词
3.多用代词代替已经出现过的名词
内容第三：内容一点都不重要，但是不能跑题。
3.考研写作常见问题
语域问题（语言的正式性和非正式性）
a.缩写词非正式（I‘m can't 都是非正式的,不能用）
b.泛指的不定代词 you 在正式文体中要写成 one
you never know what measures the president will take
c.正式问题引导词that不能省略（都不省略就行了）
d.插入语使句子更具正式性
二、写作满分句型和单词替换
1.简单句
a.被动：只要在作文中听到我们、人们、大家、许多人、越来越多的人等人或人称代词做主语的时候都可以考虑写成被动
我们应该孝敬父母：parents should be respected by us
单词替换：
parents: superiors、the elderly、senior citizens
should: ought to、be supposed to、be obliged to(具有法律上的强制性)
we、us、people: (Humans beings、private individuals、the folks、the masses)(土、不准确)
children、kids(小孩)、offspring(单复同型)、descendant(s)
youngsters and teenagers、youngsters on campus、undergraduates
experts and professors
all children and adults
men and women in all walks(各行各业的男男女女们)
customers
替换后的句子：the elderly are supposed to be respected by their descendants.
我们不应该盲目追星：Stars ought not to be pursued blindly by teenagers and youngsters
单词替换：
Not: never、by no means、under no circumstances、fail to
本句型推荐使用在第一段的最后一句话，引出文章中心的时候使用，或者是第三段的第一句话，文章总结的时候使用
污染很严重：Pollution is thought very serious by an increasing number of experts and professors
单词替换：
think: assume、contend、cling to the perspective that、have been convinced that
very:extraordinarly、strikingly、enormously
serious: grave、severe、fearful、fatal、be of great severity
b.there be 句型 换成 there seem(有)。本句型推荐写在作文第二段的第一句话，引出原因分析的时候使用
there seem many reasons to explain/explaining my idea //seem的主语是many reasons,所有是复数
单词替换：
many: a sea of、an ocean of、a multitude of、a train of(一系列的，许多的)、an army of、immense amounts of、innumerable
reasons: causes、Factors、elements
explain: account for(解释、解释...的愿意)、contirbute to
idea: Persepective、Viewpoint
there is strong evidence to show that 有确凿的证据显示
there is a growing worldwlde awareness around the world that = more and more people think that
c.比较结构
as...as... 和...一样 推荐写在形容词或副词的地方，后面用which引导的定语从句进一步描述，但是推荐写在第一句的最后一句话，引出文章中心的时候使用或者是第三段的第一句话，文章总结的时候使用。
例句：Liu is beautiful.
改写：Liu is as beautiful as a white lily,whilch manage to catch the eyes of a host of teenagers and youngsters.
单词替换：
be: 现在进行时的be动词不能替换
所有的感官动词都可以替换be动词 ： look、smell、taste、feel、sound
seem、appear、prove
became、get
keep、remain
beautiful: attractive、graceful
练习：自信很重要
confidence proves as important as an aggressive heart , which play a essential part in one's life.
污染很严重：
Pollution proves as serious as earthquakes,which have threatened the health of helpless natives or even taken their lives away.(自己改写)
the more... the more 句型： 越...样，越...样
the higher one climbs,the farther he will see.(the + adj/adv的比较级+句子，the +adj/adv的比较级+句子)（主将从现）
越努力，越幸运
the harder youngsters on campus keep,the more fortunate they will become.
本句型推荐写在文章的第二段，分析原因的时候使用
文化交流的越频繁，经济发展的越迅速
the more frequently cultures are exchanged, the more rapidly economy will develop/advance.
2.并列句
1.And/But句型
and替换：simultaneously、at the same time
but替换: conversely、by contrast
描述图画的分类：
a.一幅图：只要是一幅图，之分成两种情况：一个主题两个动作/两个主题两个动作
b.两幅图
图表作文：一幅图，两个主题，两个动作（无论多少个数据，只描述最高最低部分）
And/But句型推荐写在作文第一段，描述一幅图两个主题两个动作的时候使用或者是两幅图的时候使用
描述图画都用现在进行时，给人的感觉很生动
例：守门员把自己想象的很渺小，踢球的把他想的很高大
In the picture , the goal-keeper is imaging himself as small as ant,by contrast, the soccer player is assuming his rival outstandingly giant (这句话最多7分，没有定语状语)
作业：描述温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这篇作文+国产车日本车那篇作文
picture的替换：Painting,photograph
2.Not Only... But also句型
Raising pets can not only reduce the loneliness of senior citizens, but also can cultivate the loving heart of kids.
例：为什么孝敬父母
Respecting the elderly not only keeps a chinese conventional virtue,but also proves the responsibility of their offspring.
本句型推荐写在第二段，分析原因的时候使用
例：盲目追星的坏处
Pursing celebrities blindly not only exerts great influence on the study of teenages on campus ,but also proves a waste of their time and youth.
3.复合句
主语从句
例：that you never fail to fascinate me is obvious. 我爱你显而易见
1.It...that...
本句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的前面，用来拉长句子，但是推荐写在第一段第一句话的前面，用来引出描述图画或者图标。
It is universally acknowledged that。。。
更好的主语从句的变体是：把it变成what,在that前面加is.
what is universally acknowledged is that...
同位语和同位语从句
1.名词做同位语
a boy,a crazy footable fan, is writing the name, an important symbol of someone, of beckham, a worldwide famous star , on his face , some part of the body.(所有名词都可以加同位语)
只要在作文中见到名词，原则上都可以在他的后面再加一个名词，作为它的同位语出现，但是一篇作文做多出现两次。
2.同位语从句
例：她长着一副大眼睛这个事实表面她是一个美女。
The evidence that she wears a pair of big eyes manifests that she looks like a beauty.
例；很多女生已经穿上了漂亮的花裙子这个事实表面夏天已经来了
The evidence that a sea of girls have worn colorful skirts manefests that summer is around the corner secretly.
本句型推荐写在作文的第二段，分析原因的时候使用，它的模板是 the evidence that +一个表示原因的简单句+manifests that + 文章的结论句。
例：我们再也见不到满天的繁星和皎洁的月光了这个事实表面污染已经很严重了
The evidence that a heaven of bright stars and pure moonlights fail to be detected by urban kids manifests that pollution becomes increasingly fearful in our contemporary society.
例：城市化进程？
The evidence that rural migrants workers enable their children to enjoy better education there manifests that more of them tend to swarm into cities and towns.
3.定语和定语从句
定语在写作中的使用：只要在作文中见到名词，都可以有意识的给他加一个定语的成分，把句子拉长。但是在第一段描述图画的时候，只要见到名词，都要加定语，使图画的描述显得很生动。
例：a boy is rushing to the destination.
改写后：a boy young as well as energetic is rushing to the destination which becomes a new start.
例：the eldest son looking rather curel as well as ugly is kicking out his father who trembles on the ground like a fallen leaf in autumn.
描述图画的万能定语：
a.好的：
as well as 连接两个并列的形容词：
cute、lovely、little(可爱的)
gracefull、elegant 、young（美丽年轻的）
confident、energetic
optimistic
aggressive、ambitious
persistent
万能句子：who looks distinctly impressive to readers
b.坏的：
fat、cruel、ugly、uncourteous
negative、pessimistic
short-sighted、double-faced
contemptible 卑鄙的
hot-tempered 脾气坏的
disgusting、disgraceful
万能句子： who looks rather less impressive to readers.
定语从句的满分表达：which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整句话，which 就翻译成“这"
例句：他是一个色狼，这时显而易见的
He looks like a lady-killer,which has provoked the widerspread concern among people.
本句型可以写在作文中任何一句话的后面，对前面的内容进行补充说明，但是推荐写在作文的第二段某个比较短的原因的后面
4.状语和状语从句
何为状语：只要在句子中加以下的一坨东西就一定是状语：
a.副词
b.时间
c.地点
d.条件 (if)
e.原因
f.让步（虽然、尽管）
g.方式（by）
h.伴随（with）
i.目的
j.比较
k.结构（so...that）
状语在写作中的应用：
作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一个状语的成分，把句子拉长。但是在第一段描述图画或者图标的时候，一定要加状语，使图画或者图表的描述显得很完整。图表作文自带状语
描述图画的万能状语：
in the center of the vivid picture
分析原因的万能状语：
in our contemporary society=nowadays
although many people fail to pay attention to the problem (自己替换)
同义替换：
pay attention to：
place great emphasis on、attach great importance to
problem: Phenomenon、issue
important:be of great importance、essential、significant
状语从句的满分表达
a. although:作文中任何一句话的旁边都可以加一句although引导的状语从句，用于弱转折。但是推荐写在第二段，分析原因的时候使用。
例：surfing on the internet exerts great influence on the study and work of teenagers and youngsters, although it definitely makes our daily life more convenient.
they,in the big cities ,not only find more job opportunities but also enable their offspring to enjoy equal education like their peers in urban areas,although they might lead a tough life
b. so...that... : 作文中只要出现adj或者adv的地方，都可以写成so that句型，但是推荐写在第一段的最后一句话，引出文章中心的时候使用，或者是第三段的第一句话，文章总结的时候使用。
Sth proves so significant that ...
c.分词做状语,放在句子的主谓之间，做插入语使用.本句型推荐写在作文的第一段，一幅图，一个主题两个动作的时候使用，它的模板是 sb , doing sth +定状补 , is doing sth+定状补
例： I hate you, i will kill you -> i hating you, i will kill you -> hating you, i will kill you -> i, hating you, will kill you
an american girl, smiling, is wearing chinese costume.
改写后：an american girl young as well as elegant,smiling sweetly on her face ,is wearing chinese costume which is popular in the southeast of China
the hot pot,smoking ,is filled with cultures.
改写后：the hot pot not only delicious but also healthy,smoking in the center of the photograph, is filled with cultures from China and foreign nations.
4.英语特殊句型
1.插入语
以下都是万能的插入语，可以插入任何一句话的主谓语之间
副词：obviously
形容词及短语：needless to say(不用说/显而易见 )
介词短语：in my judgement、to my knowledge
现在分词短语: honestly speaking、exactly speaking
动词不定式短语:to tell the truth 、to be honest
2.双重否定：
never fail to :没有意思，表示强调，可以写在任何一个肯定句谓语的前面
3.强调句型
It is ... that
以上三个句型推荐写在第一段的最后一句话，第二段的第一句话或者第三段第一句话的时候使用
4.倒装：把一句话写成一般疑问句的形式，也就是给一句话提一个助动词、或者be动词放在句首就是倒装
否定词放在句首用倒装Not only...but also
He not only looks poor but also in fact keeps poor in his mind.
倒装后: Not only dose he looks poor but also in fact keeps poor in his mind
so...that倒装：把so引导的部分放在句首用倒装
my ma is so kind that she will never kill an ant.
倒装后：so kind is my ma that she will never kill an ant.
I am so delighted that i cannot help laughing at midnight
倒装后：So delighted am i that i cannot help laughing at midnight
Sth keeps so significant that the issue should have been brought into the limelight under modern conditions
倒装后:so significant dose sth keep that the issue should have been brought into the limelight under modern conditions
5.虚拟语气
if引导的虚拟语气
例：如果你要远行，我会关上所有的窗户
if you travel to the next resort , I will close all my windows. (条件状语从句)
虚拟语气：只需要把以及写好的条件状语句子的时态变成过去式就成了虚拟语气
If you travelled to the next resort , I would close all my windows.
本句型推荐写在第二段最后一句话，反面论证原因的时候使用，或者是第三段的第一句话文章总结的时候使用
例：如果我们不孝敬父母，
If the erderly failed to be respected by their sons or daughters , they would be despised by their own children in the near future.
例：如果每个大学生沉迷于网络，
If every youngster on the campus were indulge in surfing on the internet, he would achieve nothing until to the end of their life.
万能的if后面的那句话
they/he/she would be confronted with a dim and gloomy future.
it proves of great importance that +should +v原型 表示虚拟 本句型推荐写在作文的第三段，具体措施的时候使用，
他人采取措施的主题选择 parents/teachers/communities, should + educate/encourage +their offsprint/undergraduates/residents to do sht / not to do sth （越准确得分越高）
个人采取措施
we(换成具体的人，孩子/学生。。。) cannot have failed to...=we must ...
6.修辞
1.比喻
sth is important
=sth is to 人 as water is to fish
=sth is to 人 as foundations is to high skyscrapers.
sth is serious
=sth seems to 人 as intensive pain is to the terminally ill patients.
2.排比
measures should be taken quickly，toughly and effiectively.
三：段落写作原则
写作连中文都写不来的时候可怎么办啊？
现在我们就在将大作文的第二段（一三端可以套万能句子）
1.段落论述方式：
1.定义和解释
例：什么是追星
Pursuing stars is a popular trend among youngsters which means that we buy their cds,we take part in their concerts and we learn to sing their songs when we are still young.(we 不能换)
例：孝敬父母
Respceting parents is a chinese traditional virture which means that we buy gifts for them,we wash clothes for them and we cook delicious for them when they are in need of us.
定义和解释的模板是：
sth1(文章的中心词) is sth2(a severe global issue、 a chinese traditional virture、 a social pervasive trend 、 an active/negative mentality、a hot social subject ) which means that +三个主语一致的简单句 + when 引导的时间状语从句
例：什么是乐观
Optimism is an active mentality which means that we assume an promising future,we struggle against challenges with pleasure and we fail to be afread of frustrations when we get in trouble.
该原因分析要用就放在第一个原因分析
2.举例
可举小例子：
I love reading masterpieces such as Gone with the Wind,Pride and Prejudice and little Prince.
作文中只要见到复数名词，都可以举小例子
可举大例子
for example、for instance=although a train of cases can support my perspective,the following one is most favorable.
I,the other day, had my leg broken when I played basketball, unfortunately, no families or rootmates attended to me during the holiday. At that moment, a dormitory assistant entered to give me some fruits, then i recovered the next day. so the stroy vividly tells us a truth that loving heart seems like a lamp which will become lighter in darkness.
举例的时候注意：通常都用一般过去式，一定要使用自己绝对拿的准的单词，在单词语法正确的基础之上，单词尽量准确 ，注意逻辑关系词的正确使用。
3.引用名人名言
Once ， there proved a musician , who have gained great reputation in Norway named Edward Grieg stating that : +（the more the more句型）/ as as句型 / so that 句型（倒装）/ if 虚拟语气 / is to 人 as to ...
4.数据列举
In light with(根据) the latest investigation by +某机构（去找），the majority of + 人 + have been convinced that +文章中心
第二段怎么写：
如果能用中文想到原因分析，就用以下的句型来写原因分析
1.the more the more
2.not only,but also
3.the evidence that + 同位语从句
4.although 引导的让步状语从句
5.if 引导的虚拟语气
如果某个原因分析写出来比较短的话，就加定语或者状语把这句话拉长，如果加不来，就用which引导的非限制性定语从句或者是万能状语把它拉长。
如果用中文想不到原因分析，也可以用以下的论证方式
1.论证和解释
2.举例
3.名人名言
4.数据列举
最佳选择方式是5种中选2个 ，后面四个选1个，或者前面5个里面选3个，选三个就别改了
把原因分析连接起来：
首先：The main element for the problem is that 、first and foremost
其次：furthermore、what is more
最后: as a consequence , consequently
4.文章的写法
1.图画作文
1.第一段：图画描述+中心总结（3-4句话），第一二句话用主语从句引出描述图画:(主语从句8选1替换)what is obvious is that +:
a.一幅图一个主题两个动作： in the cartoon （换）,sb doing sth (次要动作+定状) ， is doing （主要动作，+定状）
b.一幅图两个主题两个动作：in the cartoon （换）,sb1 doing sth1 (次要动作+定状) ；and/but(换) sb2 is doing sth2（主要动作，+定状）
c.两幅图：in the former picture(换),sb1(定语) is doing sth1(定、状)；and/but(换) in the latter one, sb2(定) is doing sth2(定状)
第三句话：引出文章中心的过渡语 ： we can deduce from this picture that the drawer is trying to attract our attention to sth, which...
第四句话：中心总结 我们应该。。。/ 我们不应该。。。/。。。很重要/。。。很严重
We should do sth/we should never do sth/ sth is very important/ sth is very serious (推荐句型：被动、as as句型、so that句型的倒装形式、比喻),再用插入语，双从否定或者强调句型对它稍做加工（三选一）
2.第二段：
第一句话：引出原因分析的句型：there be句型/Personally(换)，it is my belief(换) that some(换) reasons(换) could account for such phenomenon,先做单词替换，再用插入语、双重否定或者是强调句对它稍做加工
二三四句话：具体的原因分析 9选3
3.第三段（四句话）
第一句话：总结句（to put it another way）+推荐句型（被动、as as句型、so that句型（倒装）、比喻、if虚拟句）（再用插入语、双从否定、或者强调句型对他稍做加工）
第二、三句话，具体措施：推荐句型（个人采取措施、他人采取措施）1.双重否定 2.it ... that
第四句：above，should not we 关注某某话题吗（换）？
2.图表作文
1.第一段：描述图标+中心总结
第一、二句话：主语从句what is obvious is that(换)（状语放在主谓之间作为插入语使用，因为图标作文名词没法用修饰语） 描述图标：一定是一个图两个主题两个动作，并且这两个主题是确定的：要么是sth的数量在增加或减少，要么是 百分比数量的sth做了sth。
第三句话：依然是引出文章中心的过渡语
第四局：文章的中心句（用一个简单句，不超过十个词，这句话自己写，再用双重否定、强调句型、插入语加工）
2.第二段：原因分析段，完全同图画作文的第二段。
3.第三段，完全同图画作文第二段。
5.一些补充词汇
增加：
动词：expand、accumulate、surge、rocket
名词：on the rise、continue its upward trend
减少:
decrease、continue its downward trend、shrink
大幅度的：sharp、dramatic
慢慢的: slightly、gently、moderately
6.小作文
公务书信
1.称呼：
文中已给出：Dear + 文中给出的内容
文中未给出： Dear Sir or Madma(注意大小写)
2.正文：
第一段：自我介绍+写作目的
自我介绍：
文中已经给出：I am +文章已经给出的内容
文中没给出：I am an undergraduate from the Department of Physical Education in a/the university.
写作目的：
I am writing the letter, to be honest(插入语换掉)，in order to+文中一定以及给出（做单词修改）
第二段：文中一定给出了，按要求写。（写二到三个）
The salary, to begin with, keeps so low that I fail to support my families any more with prices generally rise. (so ... that 句型，如果写的比较短，句末加个状语从句)
In addition, it has been widely accepted(显而易见，换) that the company is too far away from my apartment. Therefore, it takes me a long time to go to work every day. (主语从句+并列句)
At last, I am by no means interested in the job, although I have tried my best to become involved in it. (先写个简单句，句末加个状语从句，不一定是although，可能是when、if、in order to )。
第三段（两句）：
文中以及做出要求：一句话写文中要求的内容，另一句写期待回信
文中没有做出要求：表示感谢+期待回信。
My thanks to you for your generous assistance are beyond words.
I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience.
落款 右下角：Yours trulu,
Liming
私人书信（最后能写带我向你妈问好的就是私人书信）
1.称呼
文中一定以及给出要求，按要求来写 Dear
2.正文
第一段：问候语+写作目的（完全同公务书信的目的一致）
第二段：完全同公务书信的第二段
第三段：
文中已经做出要求：一句话来写文中要求的内容，再写一句祝福语（网上找）
文中没有做出要求：祝福语+期待回信（完全同公务书信的回信）
落款（同公务书信）
告示书信（只要见到notice就说明是一个告示）
1.标题 第一行中间写Notice:
2.称呼（省略）
3.正文：写作目的（we are to+公务书信的写作目的）+具体论述（就是公务书信的第二段）
第二段：We are waiting for your coming.
if you intended to join us, please mail us at XXX@gmail.com.
右下角单位协会（每个首字母大写）。
作业：1.过一遍
2.写自己模板并背诵
3.写5小作文+5大作文