Valgrind 例子

检测内存泄漏

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
       char *ptr;
       ptr = (char *)malloc(10);
       return 0;
}

保存为memleak.c并编译，然后用valgrind检测。

$ gcc -o memleak memleak.c

（valgrind和purify最大的不同在于：valgrind只接管程序执行的过程，编译时不需要valgrind干预，而purify会干预程序编译过程）

$ valgrind --tool=memcheck ./memleak

我们得到如下错误信息：

[konten@tencent test_valgrind]$ valgrind ./memleak
==29646== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==29646== Copyright (C) 2002-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29646== Using LibVEX rev 1732, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==29646== Copyright (C) 2004-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==29646== Using valgrind-3.2.3, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==29646== Copyright (C) 2000-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29646== For more details, rerun with: -v
==29646==
==29646==
==29646== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 15 from 1)
==29646== malloc/free: in use at exit: 10 bytes in 1 blocks.   //指示在程序退出时，还有多少内存没有释放。
==29646== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 10 bytes allocated. // 指示该执行过程malloc和free调用的次数。
==29646== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v // 提示如果要更详细的信息，用-v选项。
==29646== searching for pointers to 1 not-freed blocks.
==29646== checked 56,164 bytes.
==29646==
==29646== LEAK SUMMARY:
==29646==    definitely lost: 10 bytes in 1 blocks.
==29646==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29646==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29646==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29646== Rerun with --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory.
[konten@tencent test_valgrind]$

可以看到，如果我们仅仅用默认方式执行，valgrind只报告内存泄漏，但没有显示具体代码中泄漏的地方。

因此我们需要使用 “--leak-check=full”选项启动 valgrind，我们再执行一次：

[konten@tencent test_valgrind]$ valgrind --leak-check=full ./memleak
==29661== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==29661== Copyright (C) 2002-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29661== Using LibVEX rev 1732, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==29661== Copyright (C) 2004-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==29661== Using valgrind-3.2.3, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==29661== Copyright (C) 2000-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29661== For more details, rerun with: -v
==29661==
==29661==
==29661== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 15 from 1)
==29661== malloc/free: in use at exit: 10 bytes in 1 blocks.
==29661== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 10 bytes allocated.
==29661== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==29661== searching for pointers to 1 not-freed blocks.
==29661== checked 56,164 bytes.
==29661==
==29661== 10 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==29661==    at 0x401A846: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==29661==    by 0x804835D: main (memleak.c:6)
==29661==
==29661== LEAK SUMMARY:
==29661==    definitely lost: 10 bytes in 1 blocks.
==29661==      possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29661==    still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29661==         suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
[konten@tencent test_valgrind]$

和上次的执行结果基本相同，只是指明了代码中出现泄漏的具体位置。

#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
　　char *x = (char*)malloc(20);
　　char *y = (char*)malloc(20);
　　x=y;
　　free(x);
　　free(y);
　　return 0;
}
Valgrind提示如下
==19013== Invalid free() / delete / delete[]
==19013== at 0x4A0541E: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==19013== by 0x4004F5: main (sample5.c:8)
==19013== Address 0x4C2E078 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 20 free'd
==19013== at 0x4A0541E: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==19013== by 0x4004EC: main (sample5.c:7)
==19013==
==19013== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==19013== malloc/free: in use at exit: 20 bytes in 1 blocks.
==19013== malloc/free: 2 allocs, 2 frees, 40 bytes allocated.
==19013== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==19013== searching for pointers to 1 not-freed blocks.
==19013== checked 66,584 bytes.
==19013==
==19013== LEAK SUMMARY:
==19013== definitely lost: 20 bytes in 1 blocks.
==19013== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==19013== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==19013== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==19013== Use --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory.

使用未初始化的内存

#include <stdio.h>                                                              
int main()
{
    int x;
    if(x == 0)
    {
        printf("X is zero");
    }
    return 0;
}

Valgrind提示如下
==14222== Conditional jump or move depends on uninitialised value(s)
==14222== at 0x400484: main (sample2.c:6)
X is zero==14222==
==14222== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==14222== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==14222== malloc/free: 0 allocs, 0 frees, 0 bytes allocated.
==14222== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==14222== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.

内存读写越界

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
    int len=5;
    int i;
    int *pt=(int*)malloc(len*sizeof(int));
    int *p=pt;
    for(i=0;i<len;i++)
    {p++;}
    *p=5;
    printf(“%d”,*p);
    return;
}
Valgrind提示如下
==23045== Invalid write of size 4
==23045== at 0x40050A: main (sample2.c:11)
==23045== Address 0x4C2E044 is 0 bytes after a block of size 20 alloc'd
==23045== at 0x4A05809: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==23045== by 0x4004DF: main (sample2.c:7)
==23045==
==23045== Invalid read of size 4
==23045== at 0x400514: main (sample2.c:12)
==23045== Address 0x4C2E044 is 0 bytes after a block of size 20 alloc'd
==23045== at 0x4A05809: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==23045== by 0x4004DF: main (sample2.c:7)
5==23045==
==23045== ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==23045== malloc/free: in use at exit: 20 bytes in 1 blocks.
==23045== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 0 frees, 20 bytes allocated.
==23045== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==23045== searching for pointers to 1 not-freed blocks.
==23045== checked 66,584 bytes.
==23045==
==23045== LEAK SUMMARY:
==23045== definitely lost: 20 bytes in 1 blocks.
==23045== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==23045== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==23045== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==23045== Use --leak-check=full to see details of leaked memory.

src和dst内存覆盖

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{ char x[50];
  int i;
  for(i=0;i<50;i++)
  {
    x[i]=i;
  }
　 strncpy(x+20,x,20); //Good
　 strncpy(x+20,x,21); //Overlap
　 x[39]=’0’;
　 strcpy(x,x+20); //Good
　 x[39]=40;
　 x[40]=’0’;
   strcpy(x,x+20); //Overlap
   return 0;
}
Valgrind提示如下
==24139== Source and destination overlap in strncpy(0x7FEFFFC09, 0x7FEFFFBF5, 21)
==24139== at 0x4A0724F: strncpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:116)
==24139== by 0x400527: main (sample3.c:10)
==24139==
==24139== Source and destination overlap in strcpy(0x7FEFFFBE0, 0x7FEFFFBF4)
==24139== at 0x4A06E47: strcpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:106)
==24139== by 0x400555: main (sample3.c:15)
==24139==
==24139== ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==24139== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==24139== malloc/free: 0 allocs, 0 frees, 0 bytes allocated.
==24139== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==24139== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.

 

动态内存管理错误

常见的内存分配方式分三种：静态存储，栈上分配，堆上分配。全局变量属于静态存储，它们是在编译时就被分配了存储空间，函数内的局部变量属于栈上分配，而最灵活的内存使用方式当属堆上分配，也叫做内存动态分配了。常用的内存动态分配函数包括：malloc, alloc, realloc, new等，动态释放函数包括free, delete。

一旦成功申请了动态内存，我们就需要自己对其进行内存管理，而这又是最容易犯错误的。常见的内存动态管理错误包括：

1. 申请和释放不一致

由于 C++ 兼容 C，而 C 与 C++ 的内存申请和释放函数是不同的，因此在 C++ 程序中，就有两套动态内存管理函数。一条不变的规则就是采用 C 方式申请的内存就用 C 方式释放；用 C++ 方式申请的内存，用 C++ 方式释放。也就是用 malloc/alloc/realloc 方式申请的内存，用 free 释放；用 new 方式申请的内存用 delete 释放。在上述程序中，用 malloc 方式申请了内存却用 delete 来释放，虽然这在很多情况下不会有问题，但这绝对是潜在的问题。

2. 申请和释放不匹配

申请了多少内存，在使用完成后就要释放多少。如果没有释放，或者少释放了就是内存泄露；多释放了也会产生问题。上述程序中，指针p和pt指向的是同一块内存，却被先后释放两次。

3.释放后仍然读写

本质上说，系统会在堆上维护一个动态内存链表，如果被释放，就意味着该块内存可以继续被分配给其他部分，如果内存被释放后再访问，就可能覆盖其他部分的信息，这是一种严重的错误，上述程序第16行中就在释放后仍然写这块内存。

下面的一段程序，就包括了内存动态管理中常见的错误。

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{ 
  char *p=(char*)malloc(10);
  char *pt=p;
  int i;
  for(i=0;i<10;i++)
  {
    p[i]=’z’;
  }
  delete p;
  p[1]=’a’;
  free(pt);
  return 0;
}
Valgrind提示如下
==25811== Mismatched free() / delete / delete []
==25811== at 0x4A05130: operator delete(void*) (vg_replace_malloc.c:244)
==25811== by 0x400654: main (sample4.c:9)
==25811== Address 0x4C2F030 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 10 alloc'd
==25811== at 0x4A05809: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==25811== by 0x400620: main (sample4.c:4)
==25811==
==25811== Invalid write of size 1
==25811== at 0x40065D: main (sample4.c:10)
==25811== Address 0x4C2F031 is 1 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd
==25811== at 0x4A05130: operator delete(void*) (vg_replace_malloc.c:244)
==25811== by 0x400654: main (sample4.c:9)
==25811==
==25811== Invalid free() / delete / delete[]
==25811== at 0x4A0541E: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==25811== by 0x400668: main (sample4.c:11)
==25811== Address 0x4C2F030 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd
==25811== at 0x4A05130: operator delete(void*) (vg_replace_malloc.c:244)
==25811== by 0x400654: main (sample4.c:9)
==25811==
==25811== ERROR SUMMARY: 3 errors from 3 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==25811== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==25811== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 10 bytes allocated.
==25811== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==25811== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.

非法写/读

int main()
{
　　int i, *x;
　　x = (int *)malloc(10*sizeof(int));
　　for (i=0; i<11; i++)
　　　　x[i] = i;
　　free(x);
}
Valgrind提示如下
==21483== Invalid write of size 4
==21483== at 0x4004EA: main (sample6.c:6)
==21483== Address 0x4C2E058 is 0 bytes after a block of size 40 alloc'd
==21483== at 0x4A05809: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==21483== by 0x4004C9: main (sample6.c:4)
==21483==
==21483== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==21483== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==21483== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 40 bytes allocated.
==21483== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==21483== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.

无效指针

#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
　　char *x = malloc(10);
　　x[10] = 'a';
　　free(x);
　　return 0;
}
Valgrind提示如下
==15262== Invalid write of size 1
==15262== at 0x4004D6: main (sample7.c:5)
==15262== Address 0x4C2E03A is 0 bytes after a block of size 10 alloc'd
==15262== at 0x4A05809: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==15262== by 0x4004C9: main (sample7.c:4)
==15262==
==15262== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==15262== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==15262== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 10 bytes allocated.
==15262== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==15262== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.

重复释放

#include <stdlib.h>
int main()
{
　　char *x = malloc(10);
　　free(x);
　　free(x);
　　return 0;
}
Valgrind提示如下
==15005== Invalid free() / delete / delete[]
==15005== at 0x4A0541E: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==15005== by 0x4004DF: main (sample8.c:6)
==15005== Address 0x4C2E030 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd
==15005== at 0x4A0541E: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==15005== by 0x4004D6: main (sample8.c:5)
==15005==
==15005== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 5 from 1)
==15005== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==15005== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 10 bytes allocated.
==15005== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==15005== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.

综合

  我们下面的例子中包括常见的几类内存问题：堆中的内存越界、踩内存、栈中的内存越界、非法指针。

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void)
{
    char *ptr = malloc(10);
    ptr[12] = 'a'; // 内存越界
    memcpy(ptr +1, ptr, 5); // 踩内存
    char a[10];
    a[12] = 'i'; // 数组越界
     free(ptr); // 重复释放
       free(ptr);
    char *p1;
    *p1 = '1'; // 非法指针
   
    return 0;
}
编译： gcc -o invalidptr invalidptr.c -g
执行：valgrind --leak-check=full ./invalidptr
结果如下：
[konten@tencent test_valgrind]$ valgrind --leak-check=full ./invalidptr
==29776== Memcheck, a memory error detector.
==29776== Copyright (C) 2002-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29776== Using LibVEX rev 1732, a library for dynamic binary translation.
==29776== Copyright (C) 2004-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by OpenWorks LLP.
==29776== Using valgrind-3.2.3, a dynamic binary instrumentation framework.
==29776== Copyright (C) 2000-2007, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==29776== For more details, rerun with: -v
==29776==
==29776== Invalid write of size 1 //堆内存越界被查出来
==29776==    at 0x80483D2: main (invalidptr.c:7)
==29776== Address 0x4159034 is 2 bytes after a block of size 10 alloc'd
==29776==    at 0x401A846: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:149)
==29776==    by 0x80483C5: main (invalidptr.c:6)
==29776==
==29776== Source and destination overlap in memcpy(0x4159029, 0x4159028, 5) //踩内存
==29776==    at 0x401C96D: memcpy (mc_replace_strmem.c:116)
==29776==    by 0x80483E6: main (invalidptr.c:9)
==29776==
==29776== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] //重复释放
==29776==    at 0x401B3FB: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==29776==    by 0x8048406: main (invalidptr.c:16)
==29776== Address 0x4159028 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd
==29776==    at 0x401B3FB: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:233)
==29776==    by 0x80483F8: main (invalidptr.c:15)
==29776==
==29776== Use of uninitialised value of size 4
==29776==    at 0x804840D: main (invalidptr.c:19)
==29776== //非法指针，导致coredump
==29776== Process terminating with default action of signal 11 (SIGSEGV): dumping core
==29776== Bad permissions for mapped region at address 0x80482AD
==29776==    at 0x804840D: main (invalidptr.c:19)
==29776==
==29776== ERROR SUMMARY: 4 errors from 4 contexts (suppressed: 15 from 1)
==29776== malloc/free: in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks.
==29776== malloc/free: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 10 bytes allocated.
==29776== For counts of detected errors, rerun with: -v
==29776== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible.
Segmentation fault
[konten@tencent test_valgrind]$

从上面的结果看出，除了栈内存越界外，其他常见的内存问题都可以用valgrind简单的查出来。

参考

http://www.cnblogs.com/wangkangluo1/archive/2011/07/20/2111248.html

http://www.cnblogs.com/wangkangluo1/archive/2011/07/20/2111273.html