本文转自：https://www.cnblogs.com/jsonhc/p/7767669.html
上一篇介绍了Dockerfile中使用的指令，现在开始进行指令实践
先查看下本地的镜像，选一个作为base image：
[root@docker ~]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE wadeson/centos_nginx v1 210a202d37b8 2 hours ago 464MB nginx latest c59f17fe53b0 4 days ago 108MB ubuntu latest 747cb2d60bbe 3 weeks ago 122MB centos latest 196e0ce0c9fb 6 weeks ago 197MB
在某一个目录下面创建一个专门存放此demo的目录，也就是Dockerfile所在的context：
[root@docker ~]# mkdir docker_demo [root@docker ~]# cd docker_demo/ [root@docker docker_demo]# touch Dockerfile [root@docker docker_demo]# pwd /root/docker_demo [root@docker docker_demo]# ll total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 1 04:34 Dockerfile
接下来就开始编写Dockerfile文件了（注意Dockerfile的D需要大写）
这里以编译nginx提供web服务来构建新的镜像
1、下载nginx源码包到docker_demo这个目录下：
[root@docker docker_demo]# ll total 960 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 1 04:34 Dockerfile -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 981687 Oct 17 09:20 nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz
2、以下是编写好的Dockerfile v1版：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile
# base image
FROM centos
# MAINTAINER
MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com
# put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx
ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src
# running required command
RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel
RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel
RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx
# change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2
WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2
# execute command to compile nginx
RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install
EXPOSE 80
3、查看docker_demo目录情况：
[root@docker docker_demo]# ll total 964 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1112 Nov 1 04:58 Dockerfile -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 981687 Oct 17 09:20 nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz
4、执行docker build进行构建：
docker build -t centos_nginx:v1 .
后面的.代表的是相对路径的当前目录，如果需要全路径则为/root/docker_demo（就是找到Dockerfile文件）
构建成功后，查看新构建的镜像：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos_nginx v1 78d18f16e757 4 hours ago 464MB wadeson/centos_nginx v1 210a202d37b8 7 hours ago 464MB nginx latest c59f17fe53b0 4 days ago 108MB ubuntu latest 747cb2d60bbe 3 weeks ago 122MB centos latest 196e0ce0c9fb 6 weeks ago 197MB
5、然后使用构建的镜像启动一个container并开启nginx服务：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d centos_nginx:v1 /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -g "daemon off;" ea5af922378356a5ebff60992f000b186b09d1e8d6a4915b0b8ccf997ca12404
然后查看启动的container是否在运行：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES ea5af9223783 centos_nginx:v1 "/usr/local/nginx/..." 7 seconds ago Up 6 seconds 80/tcp flamboyant_carson
虽然nginx服务开启了，但是port并没有进行映射到本机host，所以这个container并不能进行访问，重新启动一个进行了映射端口的容器
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p80:80 centos_nginx:v1 /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -g "daemon off;" e4b6e4846dedc6f130e028701c84828a635f3b367c0d500ebd947de16b1be0b2
再次查看端口映射信息：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker port e4b6e4846ded 80/tcp -> 0.0.0.0:80
于是进行访问：
于是基于Dockerfile的一个简单实例构建完成，现在基于这个Dockerfile文件依次添加其他的指令进行构建
添加ENV环境变量指令：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile # base image FROM centos # MAINTAINER MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com # put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src # running required command RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx # change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 # execute command to compile nginx RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH EXPOSE 80
然后进行构建：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker build -t centos_nginx:v2 . Sending build context to Docker daemon 985.6kB Step 1/10 : FROM centos ---> 196e0ce0c9fb Step 2/10 : MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com ---> Using cache ---> cde1d7830106 Step 3/10 : ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src ---> Using cache ---> 1e4d16340af0 Step 4/10 : RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel ---> Using cache ---> 405835ad9b0b Step 5/10 : RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel ---> Using cache ---> 4002738cf7a6 Step 6/10 : RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx ---> Using cache ---> 02961c5c564d Step 7/10 : WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 ---> Using cache ---> f1da71a93c5e Step 8/10 : RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install ---> Using cache ---> cd2ad4c45004 Step 9/10 : ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH ---> Running in 07ba2f7129bc ---> 9588fa1058aa Removing intermediate container 07ba2f7129bc Step 10/10 : EXPOSE 80 ---> Running in 473cd847154a ---> 2031faf8894a Removing intermediate container 473cd847154a Successfully built 2031faf8894a Successfully tagged centos_nginx:v2
由于在构建的过程中docker会采用缓存的机制，上面的构建过程中包含很多using cache，所以这次构建非常快，如果需要重新构建，不想使用cache需要添加--no-cache
--no-cache Do not use cache when building the image
查看v2版本的镜像：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos_nginx v2 2031faf8894a 2 minutes ago 464MB
使用v2版本的镜像启动一个container：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p81:80 centos_nginx:v2 nginx -g "daemon off;" da48b465b1b1a14824497d724eee52b8408270b3b5223c5dd7094b7c0cef211d
查看container运行状态：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES da48b465b1b1 centos_nginx:v2 "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 23 seconds ago Up 22 seconds 0.0.0.0:81->80/tcp determined_neumann
进行访问：
上述启动容器的过程中使用的命令docker run -d -p81:80 centos_nginx:v2 nginx -g "daemon off;"为什么这里使用的nginx而不是
/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx，因为在Dockerfile文化中执行了PATH=/usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH，添加到了环境变量
添加指令CMD：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile # base image FROM centos # MAINTAINER MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com # put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src # running required command RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx # change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 # execute command to compile nginx RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH EXPOSE 80 CMD /bin/sh -c 'nginx -g "daemon off;"'
然后进行构建：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker build -t centos_nginx:v3 .
查看v3版本的镜像：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos_nginx v3 0e49a2c0562f 11 seconds ago 464MB
然后基于v3版本的镜像启动一个container：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p82:80 centos_nginx:v3 d988c04d04f49b909f28e7b664be3959a0d51b951f1c1b04fcf5c716552b7c41
查看启动的容器状态：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES d988c04d04f4 centos_nginx:v3 "/bin/sh -c '/bin/..." 6 seconds ago Up 5 seconds 0.0.0.0:82->80/tcp optimistic_saha
最后进行访问：
新增加的CMD /bin/sh -c 'nginx -g "daemon off;"'表示
当启动一个container时默认运行的命令，如果在启动container时赋予了command的化，那么
定义的CMD中的命令将不会被执行，而会去执行command的命令
添加entrypoint指令：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile # base image FROM centos # MAINTAINER MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com # put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src # running required command RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx # change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 # execute command to compile nginx RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH EXPOSE 80 ENTRYPOINT ["nginx"] CMD ["-g","daemon off;"]
当ENTRYPOINT和CMD连用时，CMD的命令是ENTRYPOINT命令的参数，两者连用相当于nginx -g "daemon off;"
而当一起连用的时候命令格式最好一致（这里选择的都是json格式的是成功的，如果都是sh模式可以试一下）
开始进行构建v4版本：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker build -t centos_nginx:v4 .
查看新建的镜像：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos_nginx v4 6c5128aaff05 4 minutes ago 464MB
为v4版本的镜像启动一个container：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p83:80 centos_nginx:v4 6933c78255f3cebe44d4d5d080caf8a2fde45ded2f9b333ec01cdfe98cd5f417
然后查看容器状态：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 6933c78255f3 centos_nginx:v4 "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 6 seconds ago Up 5 seconds 0.0.0.0:83->80/tcp zealous_euclid
最后进行访问：
这里增加一个案例，如果Dockerfile修改成下面：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile # base image FROM centos # MAINTAINER MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com # put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src # running required command RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx # change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 # execute command to compile nginx RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH EXPOSE 80 ENTRYPOINT ["nginx"] CMD ["-g","daemon on;"]
CMD的命令修改为了后台，我们知道如果容器内的进程在后台运行那么容器将不会运行，现在以此构建v5版本镜像：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker build -t centos_nginx:v5 .
查看v5版本的新镜像：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos_nginx v5 5c1131306686 29 seconds ago 464MB
现在利用v5版本镜像启动一个container，但是在启动的时候添加后面的command：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p85:80 centos_nginx:v5 -g "daemon off;" 5e11edbbd2a0e184f1766c435c0d9b01ef5d74b57e2e2c3a1efed0cf2a2e037b
可以看见在后面新增了-g "daemon off;"，前面说过如果增加了命令那么Dockerfile中的CMD中的命令将不会生效
查看容器运行状态：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 5e11edbbd2a0 centos_nginx:v5 "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 3 seconds ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:85->80/tcp nifty_bartik
可以看见容器的运行丝毫没有问题，于是nginx的服务依然还是在前台运行，没有被CMD影响，而新增加的command（-g "daemon off;"）
将作为ENTRYPOINT的新的参数以此为准，于是进行访问端口85
添加VOLUME指令：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile # base image FROM centos # MAINTAINER MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com # put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src # running required command RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx # mount a dir to container VOLUME ["/data"] # change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 # execute command to compile nginx RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install # setup PATH ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH # EXPOSE EXPOSE 80 # the command of entrypoint ENTRYPOINT ["nginx"] CMD ["-g"]
开始进行构建：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker build -t centos_nginx:v6 .
查看v6版本的镜像：
[root@docker ~]# docker images REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE centos_nginx v6 959fdf4d4288 35 seconds ago 464MB
利用该镜像启动一个container：
[root@docker ~]# docker run -d -p 86:80 --name=nginx6 centos_nginx:v6 -g "daemon off;" 6c15a9e93fb1421bdb7eddaabe439996e97415e85a003f80c1d8b4b2c5ee3ffa
查看启动的容器状态：
[root@docker ~]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 6c15a9e93fb1 centos_nginx:v6 "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 4 seconds ago Up 4 seconds 0.0.0.0:86->80/tcp nginx6
利用docker exec进入到container中，查看是否存在卷/data：
[root@6c15a9e93fb1 /]# ll total 16 -rw-r--r--. 8 root root 15836 Sep 11 15:53 anaconda-post.log lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 7 Sep 11 15:51 bin -> usr/bin drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Nov 2 01:42 data
这个/data挂载的目录对应本机host的这个目录：
[root@docker _data]# pwd /var/lib/docker/volumes/3490a9b7f9773b020343e82c1c4236d976b69eb6a80121eb80612d8c39e02820/_data
现在在本机host上的这个目录创建一个文件：
[root@docker _data]# touch wadeson.sh [root@docker _data]# ll total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 1 21:45 wadeson.sh
然后切换到container中查看是否存在这个文件：
[root@6c15a9e93fb1 /]# ll /data/ total 0 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Nov 2 01:45 wadeson.sh
添加ONBUILD指令：
Dockerfile1中base image为A镜像，并在Dockerfile1中定义ONBUILD指令，构建成新镜像B镜像
Dockerfile2中base image为B镜像，构建成新镜像C
当使用镜像B启动的container1不会执行OBNUILD中定义的内容，而使用C镜像启动的container2则会执行ONBUILD定义的内容
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile # base image FROM centos # MAINTAINER MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com # put nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz into /usr/local/src and unpack nginx ADD nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz /usr/local/src # running required command RUN yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ glibc make autoconf openssl openssl-devel RUN yum install -y libxslt-devel -y gd gd-devel GeoIP GeoIP-devel pcre pcre-devel RUN useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx # mount a dir to container ONBUILD VOLUME ["/data"] # change dir to /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 WORKDIR /usr/local/src/nginx-1.12.2 # execute command to compile nginx RUN ./configure --user=nginx --group=nginx --prefix=/usr/local/nginx --with-file-aio --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module --with-http_image_filter_module --with-http_geoip_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_stub_status_module && make && make install # setup PATH ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH # EXPOSE EXPOSE 80 # the command of entrypoint ENTRYPOINT ["nginx"] CMD ["-g"]
使用上面Dockerfile构建镜像版本v7：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p 87:80 --name=nginx7 centos_nginx:v7 -g "daemon off;" 48f1fe5c71aefc0f9513e8085af8f5b7cdf14fa986fb3b11f2050f18ceefd26e
现在进入到容器内查看是否存在/data：
[root@docker ~]# docker exec -it nginx7 /bin/bash [root@48f1fe5c71ae nginx-1.12.2]# ll /data ls: cannot access /data: No such file or directory
现在修改上面Dockerfile的FROM基于的base image：
[root@docker docker_demo]# cat Dockerfile
# base image
FROM centos_nginx:v7
# MAINTAINER
MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com
利用此Dockerfile构建镜像v8：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker build -t centos_nginx:v8 . Sending build context to Docker daemon 986.6kB Step 1/2 : FROM centos_nginx:v7 # Executing 1 build trigger... Step 1/1 : VOLUME /data ---> Running in a6187867513d ---> 5ac07930be4c Removing intermediate container a6187867513d Step 2/2 : MAINTAINER json_hc@163.com ---> Running in e02dbf8219cf ---> 6f792dc07c35 Removing intermediate container e02dbf8219cf Successfully built 6f792dc07c35 Successfully tagged centos_nginx:v8
可以看见卷/data已经执行了操作，现在启动一个container：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker run -d -p 88:80 --name=nginx8 centos_nginx:v8 -g "daemon off;" 6c2a847c5f6b59b02f91afecadbfc15c88d1217a477c0421a424bce6e5eb317a
查看容器状态，并进入到容器验证/data目录：
[root@docker docker_demo]# docker ps -l CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES 6c2a847c5f6b centos_nginx:v8 "nginx -g 'daemon ..." 37 seconds ago Up 37 seconds 0.0.0.0:88->80/tcp nginx8 [root@docker docker_demo]# docker exec -it nginx8 /bin/bash [root@6c2a847c5f6b nginx-1.12.2]# ll /data/ total 0
由此可见镜像v8包含了v7 的所有内容，并且增加了ONBUILD的内容