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  • MySQL之表的约束

    一 介绍

    约束条件与数据类型的宽度一样,都是可选参数

    作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性
    主要分为:

    PRIMARY KEY (PK)    标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录
    FOREIGN KEY (FK)    标识该字段为该表的外键
    NOT NULL    标识该字段不能为空
    UNIQUE KEY (UK)    标识该字段的值是唯一的
    AUTO_INCREMENT    标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
    DEFAULT    为该字段设置默认值
    
    UNSIGNED 无符号
    ZEROFILL 使用0填充

    说明:

    1. 是否允许为空,默认NULL,可设置NOT NULL,字段不允许为空,必须赋值
    2. 字段是否有默认值,缺省的默认值是NULL,如果插入记录时不给字段赋值,此字段使用默认值
    sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male'
    age int unsigned NOT NULL default 20 必须为正值(无符号) 不允许为空 默认是20
    3. 是否是key
    主键 primary key
    外键 foreign key
    索引 (index,unique...)

    二 not null与default

    是否可空,null表示空,非字符串
    not null - 不可空
    null - 可空


    默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值
    create table tb1(
    nid int not null defalut 2,
    num int not null
    )

    ==================not null====================
    mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
    mysql> desc t1;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空
    
    
    mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
    mysql> desc t2;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
    ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value
    
    
    
    ==================default====================
    #设置id字段有默认值后,则无论id字段是null还是not null,都可以插入空,插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
    mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
    mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1;
    
    
    
    ==================综合练习====================
    mysql> create table student(
        -> name varchar(20) not null,
        -> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
        -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
        -> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
        -> );
    mysql> desc student;
    +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
    | Field | Type                               | Null | Key | Default    | Extra |
    +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
    | name  | varchar(20)                        | NO   |     | NULL       |       |
    | age   | int(3) unsigned                    | NO   |     | 18         |       |
    | sex   | enum('male','female')              | YES  |     | male       |       |
    | hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES  |     | play,music |       |
    +-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +------+-----+------+------------+
    | name | age | sex  | hobby      |
    +------+-----+------+------------+
    | egon |  18 | male | play,music |
    +------+-----+------+------------+
    验证

    三 unique

    ============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
    方法一:
    create table department1(
    id int,
    name varchar(20) unique,
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    
    方法二:
    create table department2(
    id int,
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100),
    constraint uk_name unique(name)
    );
    
    
    mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
    View Code
    mysql> create table t1(id int not null unique);
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> desc t1;
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field | Type    | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id    | int(11) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    +-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    not null+unique的化学反应
    create table service(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    host varchar(15) not null,
    port int not null,
    unique(host,port) #联合唯一
    );
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
        -> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
        -> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
        -> ;
    Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
    联合唯一

    四 primary key

    primary key字段的值不为空且唯一

    一个表中可以:

    单列做主键
    多列做主键(复合主键)

    但一个表内只能有一个主键primary key

    ============单列做主键===============
    #方法一:not null+unique
    create table department1(
    id int not null unique, #主键
    name varchar(20) not null unique,
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    mysql> desc department1;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | NO   | UNI | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.01 sec)
    
    #方法二:在某一个字段后用primary key
    create table department2(
    id int primary key, #主键
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100)
    );
    
    mysql> desc department2;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    #方法三:在所有字段后单独定义primary key
    create table department3(
    id int,
    name varchar(20),
    comment varchar(100),
    constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name
    
    mysql> desc department3;
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field   | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | id      | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | name    | varchar(20)  | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    | comment | varchar(100) | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
    +---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    rows in set (0.01 sec)
    单列主键
    ==================多列做主键================
    create table service(
    ip varchar(15),
    port char(5),
    service_name varchar(10) not null,
    primary key(ip,port)
    );
    
    
    mysql> desc service;
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | Field        | Type        | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    | ip           | varchar(15) | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | port         | char(5)     | NO   | PRI | NULL    |       |
    | service_name | varchar(10) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
    +--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
    3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into service values
        -> ('172.16.45.10','3306','mysqld'),
        -> ('172.16.45.11','3306','mariadb')
        -> ;
    Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','3306','nginx');
    ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
    多列主键

    五 auto_increment

    约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束

    #不指定id,则自动增长
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );
    
    mysql> desc student;
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | Field | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    | id    | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
    | name  | varchar(20)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
    | sex   | enum('male','female') | YES  |     | male    |                |
    +-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
    mysql> insert into student(name) values
        -> ('egon'),
        -> ('alex')
        -> ;
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    |  2 | alex | male |
    +----+------+------+
    
    
    #也可以指定id
    mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+--------+
    | id | name | sex    |
    +----+------+--------+
    |  1 | egon | male   |
    |  2 | alex | male   |
    |  4 | asb  | female |
    |  7 | wsb  | female |
    +----+------+--------+
    
    
    #对于自增的字段,在用delete删除后,再插入值,该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
    mysql> delete from student;
    Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    Empty set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  8 | ysb  | male |
    +----+------+------+
    
    #应该用truncate清空表,比起delete一条一条地删除记录,truncate是直接清空表,在删除大表时用它
    mysql> truncate student;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  1 | egon | male |
    +----+------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    View Code
    #在创建完表后,修改自增字段的起始值
    mysql> create table student(
        -> id int primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(20),
        -> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
        -> );
    
    mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3;
    
    mysql> show create table student;
    .......
    ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+------+------+
    | id | name | sex  |
    +----+------+------+
    |  3 | egon | male |
    +----+------+------+
    row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show create table student;
    .......
    ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
    
    
    #也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值,注意初始值的设置为表选项,应该放到括号外
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    )auto_increment=3;
    
    
    
    
    #设置步长
    sqlserver:自增步长
        基于表级别
        create table t1(
            id int。。。
        )engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8
    
    mysql自增的步长:
        show session variables like 'auto_inc%';
        
        #基于会话级别
        set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长
    
        #基于全局级别的
        set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长(所有会话都生效)
    
    
    #!!!注意了注意了注意了!!!
    If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored. 
    翻译:如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值,则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 
    比如:设置auto_increment_offset=3,auto_increment_increment=2
    
    
    
    
    mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | Variable_name            | Value |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    | auto_increment_increment | 1     |
    | auto_increment_offset    | 1     |
    +--------------------------+-------+
    
    
    
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
    );
    
    mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
    mysql> select * from student;
    +----+-------+------+
    | id | name  | sex  |
    +----+-------+------+
    |  3 | egon1 | male |
    |  8 | egon2 | male |
    | 13 | egon3 | male |
    +----+-------+------+
    步长increment与起始偏移量offset:auto_increment_increment,auto_increment_offset

    六 foreign key

    一 快速理解foreign key

    员工信息表有三个字段:工号  姓名  部门

    公司有3个部门,但是有1个亿的员工,那意味着部门这个字段需要重复存储,部门名字越长,越浪费

    解决方法:

    我们完全可以定义一个部门表

    然后让员工信息表关联该表,如何关联,即foreign key

    #表类型必须是innodb存储引擎,且被关联的字段,即references指定的另外一个表的字段,必须保证唯一
    create table department(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null
    )engine=innodb;
    
    #dpt_id外键,关联父表(department主键id),同步更新,同步删除
    create table employee(
    id int primary key,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    dpt_id int,
    constraint fk_name foreign key(dpt_id)
    references department(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade 
    )engine=innodb;
    
    
    #先往父表department中插入记录
    insert into department values
    (1,'欧德博爱技术有限事业部'),
    (2,'艾利克斯人力资源部'),
    (3,'销售部');
    
    
    #再往子表employee中插入记录
    insert into employee values
    (1,'egon',1),
    (2,'alex1',2),
    (3,'alex2',2),
    (4,'alex3',2),
    (5,'李坦克',3),
    (6,'刘飞机',3),
    (7,'张火箭',3),
    (8,'林子弹',3),
    (9,'加特林',3)
    ;
    
    
    #删父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着删
    mysql> delete from department where id=3;
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | name  | dpt_id |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | egon  |      1 |
    |  2 | alex1 |      2 |
    |  3 | alex2 |      2 |
    |  4 | alex3 |      2 |
    +----+-------+--------+
    
    
    #更新父表department,子表employee中对应的记录跟着改
    mysql> update department set id=22222 where id=2;
    mysql> select * from employee;
    +----+-------+--------+
    | id | name  | dpt_id |
    +----+-------+--------+
    |  1 | egon  |      1 |
    |  3 | alex2 |  22222 |
    |  4 | alex3 |  22222 |
    |  5 | alex1 |  22222 |
    +----+-------+--------+
    示范 

    二 如何找出两张表之间的关系 

    分析步骤:
    #1、先站在左表的角度去找
    是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录,如果是,则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段(通常是id)
    
    #2、再站在右表的角度去找
    是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录,如果是,则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段(通常是id)
    
    #3、总结:
    #多对一:
    如果只有步骤1成立,则是左表多对一右表
    如果只有步骤2成立,则是右表多对一左表
    
    #多对多
    如果步骤1和2同时成立,则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一,即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系
    
    #一对一:
    如果1和2都不成立,而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录,反之亦然。这种情况很简单,就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上,将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可

    三 建立表之间的关系

    #一对多或称为多对一
    三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
    
    一对多(或多对一):一个出版社可以出版多本书
    
    关联方式:foreign key
    =====================多对一=====================
    create table press(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
    );
    
    create table book(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20),
    press_id int not null,
    foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
    );
    
    
    insert into press(name) values
    ('北京工业地雷出版社'),
    ('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
    ('知识产权没有用出版社')
    ;
    
    insert into book(name,press_id) values
    ('九阳神功',1),
    ('九阴真经',2),
    ('九阴白骨爪',2),
    ('独孤九剑',3),
    ('降龙十巴掌',2),
    ('葵花宝典',3)
    ;
    View Code
    一夫多妻制
    
    #妻子表的丈夫id外键到丈夫表的id
    其他例子

      

    #多对多
    三张表:出版社,作者信息,书
    
    多对多:一个作者可以写多本书,一本书也可以有多个作者,双向的一对多,即多对多
      
    关联方式:foreign key+一张新的表
    =====================多对多=====================
    create table author(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20)
    );
    
    
    #这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系,即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
    create table author2book(
    id int not null unique auto_increment,
    author_id int not null,
    book_id int not null,
    constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade,
    primary key(author_id,book_id)
    );
    
    
    #插入四个作者,id依次排开
    insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq');
    
    #每个作者与自己的代表作如下
    1 egon: 
          1 九阳神功
          2 九阴真经
          3 九阴白骨爪
          4 独孤九剑
          5 降龙十巴掌
          6 葵花宝典
    
    
    2 alex: 
          1 九阳神功
          6 葵花宝典
    
    3 yuanhao:
          4 独孤九剑
          5 降龙十巴掌
          6 葵花宝典
    
    4 wpq:
          1 九阳神功
    
    
    insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
    (1,1),
    (1,2),
    (1,3),
    (1,4),
    (1,5),
    (1,6),
    (2,1),
    (2,6),
    (3,4),
    (3,5),
    (3,6),
    (4,1)
    ;
    View Code
    单张表:用户表+相亲关系表,相当于:用户表+相亲关系表+用户表
    多张表:用户表+用户与主机关系表+主机表
    
    中间那一张存放关系的表,对外关联的字段可以联合唯一
    其他例子
    #一对一
    两张表:学生表和客户表
    
    一对一:一个学生是一个客户,一个客户有可能变成一个学校,即一对一的关系
    
    关联方式:foreign key+unique
    #一定是student来foreign key表customer,这样就保证了:
    #1 学生一定是一个客户,
    #2 客户不一定是学生,但有可能成为一个学生
    
    
    create table customer(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    name varchar(20) not null,
    qq varchar(10) not null,
    phone char(16) not null
    );
    
    
    create table student(
    id int primary key auto_increment,
    class_name varchar(20) not null,
    customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
    foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
    on delete cascade
    on update cascade
    );
    
    
    #增加客户
    insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
    ('李飞机','31811231',13811341220),
    ('王大炮','123123123',15213146809),
    ('守榴弹','283818181',1867141331),
    ('吴坦克','283818181',1851143312),
    ('赢火箭','888818181',1861243314),
    ('战地雷','112312312',18811431230)
    ;
    
    
    #增加学生
    insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
    ('脱产3班',3),
    ('周末19期',4),
    ('周末19期',5)
    ;
    View Code
    例一:一个用户只有一个博客
    
        用户表:
        id  name
        1    egon
        2    alex
        3    wupeiqi
    
    
        博客表   
               fk+unique
        id url name_id
        1  xxxx   1
        2  yyyy   3
        3  zzz    2
    
    
    
    例二:一个管理员唯一对应一个用户
        用户表:
        id user  password
        1  egon    xxxx
        2  alex    yyyy
    
        管理员表:
           fk+unique
        id user_id password
        1   1      xxxxx
        2   2      yyyyy
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/fu-yong/p/8495003.html
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