Gentoo Linux 学习笔记1

     Gentoo Linux是一个基于portage进行包管理的Linux发行版，最早版本始于2002年。其官方官网为http://www.gentoo.org

目前，Gentoo Linux已经在在互联网企业中使用，其它最大的应用就是豆瓣网。据说豆瓣网的服务器全都使用Gentoo Linux。

Gentoo Linux的安装和RHEL SUSE等这些发行版有一些不同，其安装方式一般采用mini CD +stage3 进行安装。首先，是网易有gentoo镜像上下载安装包，共3个

包. 地址为http://mirrors.163.com/gentoo/releases/  下载包，

 install-amd64-minimal-20130711.iso   LiveCD，使用这个iso来引导系统

stage3-amd64-20130711.tar.bz2    stage3是一个/目录的文件进行打包

 portage-20130704.tar.bz2     这是gentoo的ebuild的集合

用 install-amd64-minimal-20130711.iso引导系统，进行系统后，设置root密码，设置IP地址，启动sshd服务，对硬盘进行分区， 挂载分区，将stage3-amd64-20130711.tar.bz2和 portage-20130704.tar.bz2文件上传至硬盘，将这两个文件解压至相应目录。chroot到新环境下，安装gentoo内核，emerge gentoo-sources, 再安装gentoo内核编译工具，emerge  genkernel， 重新编译内核，安装grub，修改grub配置文件，设置网络，修改/etc/fstab文件等。

查看Gentoo Linux系统相关信息

gentoo ~ # emerge --info  Portage 2.1.12.2 (default/linux/amd64/13.0, gcc-4.6.3, glibc-2.15-r3, 3.8.13-gentoo x86_64) ================================================================= System uname: Linux-3.8.13-gentoo-x86_64-Intel-R-_Core-TM-_i5-2435M_CPU_@_2.40GHz-with-gentoo-2.2 KiB Mem: 1009420 total,    898752 free KiB Swap: 0 total,         0 free Timestamp of tree: Fri, 12 Jul 2013 23:15:01 +0000
ld GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.23.1 app-shells/bash:          4.2_p45 dev-lang/python:          2.7.5, 3.2.5-r1 dev-util/pkgconfig:       0.28 sys-apps/baselayout:      2.2 sys-apps/openrc:          0.11.8 sys-apps/sandbox:         2.6-r1 sys-devel/autoconf:       2.69 sys-devel/automake:       1.12.6 sys-devel/binutils:       2.23.1 sys-devel/gcc:            4.6.3 sys-devel/gcc-config:     1.7.3 sys-devel/libtool:        2.4-r1 sys-devel/make:           3.82-r4 sys-kernel/linux-headers: 3.7 (virtual/os-headers) sys-libs/glibc:           2.15-r3 Repositories: gentoo ACCEPT_KEYWORDS="amd64" ACCEPT_LICENSE="* -@EULA" CBUILD="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu" CFLAGS="-O2 -pipe" CHOST="x86_64-pc-linux-gnu" CONFIG_PROTECT="/etc" CONFIG_PROTECT_MASK="/etc/ca-certificates.conf /etc/env.d /etc/gconf /etc/gentoo-release /etc/sandbox.d /etc/terminfo" CXXFLAGS="-O2 -pipe" DISTDIR="/usr/portage/distfiles" FCFLAGS="-O2 -pipe" FEATURES="assume-digests binpkg-logs config-protect-if-modified distlocks ebuild-locks fixlafiles merge-sync news parallel-fetch preserve-libs protect-owned sandbox sfperms strict unknown-features-warn unmerge-logs unmerge-orphans userfetch" FFLAGS="-O2 -pipe" GENTOO_MIRRORS="http://mirrors.163.com/gentoo/" #使用网易镜像，加快软件的下载速度 LDFLAGS="-Wl,-O1 -Wl,--as-needed" PKGDIR="/usr/portage/packages" PORTAGE_CONFIGROOT="/" PORTAGE_RSYNC_OPTS="--recursive --links --safe-links --perms --times --compress --force --whole-file --delete --stats --human-readable --timeout=180 --exclude=/distfiles --exclude=/local --exclude=/packages" PORTAGE_TMPDIR="/var/tmp" PORTDIR="/usr/portage" PORTDIR_OVERLAY="" SYNC="rsync://mirrors.163.com/gentoo-portage" ＃使用网易的rsync源，加快portage同步速度 USE="acl amd64 berkdb bindist bzip2 cli cracklib crypt cxx dri fortran gdbm gpm iconv ipv6 mmx modules mudflap multilib ncurses nls nptl openmp pam pcre readline session sse sse2 ssl tcpd unicode zlib" ABI_X86="64" ALSA_CARDS="ali5451 als4000 atiixp atiixp-modem bt87x ca0106 cmipci emu10k1x ens1370 ens1371 es1938 es1968 fm801 hda-intel intel8x0 intel8x0m maestro3 trident usb-audio via82xx via82xx-modem ymfpci" APACHE2_MODULES="authn_core authz_core socache_shmcb unixd actions alias auth_basic authn_alias authn_anon authn_dbm authn_default authn_file authz_dbm authz_default authz_groupfile authz_host authz_owner authz_user autoindex cache cgi cgid dav dav_fs dav_lock deflate dir disk_cache env expires ext_filter file_cache filter headers include info log_config logio mem_cache mime mime_magic negotiation rewrite setenvif speling status unique_id userdir usertrack vhost_alias" CALLIGRA_FEATURES="kexi words flow plan sheets stage tables krita karbon braindump author" CAMERAS="ptp2" COLLECTD_PLUGINS="df interface irq load memory rrdtool swap syslog" ELIBC="glibc" GPSD_PROTOCOLS="ashtech aivdm earthmate evermore fv18 garmin garmintxt gpsclock itrax mtk3301 nmea ntrip navcom oceanserver oldstyle oncore rtcm104v2 rtcm104v3 sirf superstar2 timing tsip tripmate tnt ubx" INPUT_DEVICES="keyboard mouse evdev" KERNEL="linux" LCD_DEVICES="bayrad cfontz cfontz633 glk hd44780 lb216 lcdm001 mtxorb ncurses text" LIBREOFFICE_EXTENSIONS="presenter-console presenter-minimizer" OFFICE_IMPLEMENTATION="libreoffice" PHP_TARGETS="php5-4" PYTHON_SINGLE_TARGET="python2_7" PYTHON_TARGETS="python2_7 python3_2" RUBY_TARGETS="ruby19 ruby18" USERLAND="GNU" VIDEO_CARDS="fbdev glint intel mach64 mga nouveau nv r128 radeon savage sis tdfx trident vesa via vmware dummy v4l" XTABLES_ADDONS="quota2 psd pknock lscan length2 ipv4options ipset ipp2p iface geoip fuzzy condition tee tarpit sysrq steal rawnat logmark ipmark dhcpmac delude chaos account" Unset: CPPFLAGS, CTARGET, EMERGE_DEFAULT_OPTS, INSTALL_MASK, LANG, LC_ALL, MAKEOPTS, PORTAGE_BUNZIP2_COMMAND, PORTAGE_COMPRESS, PORTAGE_COMPRESS_FLAGS, PORTAGE_RSYNC_EXTRA_OPTS, USE_PYTHON

Gentoo的网络、主机等配置信息位于/etc/conf.d/目录下

-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  328 Jul 11 06:03 bootmisc -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  876 Jul 11 06:03 consolefont -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  412 Jul 11 04:58 crypto-loop -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  117 Jul 11 06:03 dmesg -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1402 Jul 11 06:03 fsck -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  580 Jul 11 05:15 gpm -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   56 Jul 13 07:23 hostname #主机名配置信息
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  877 Jul 11 06:03 hwclock ＃硬件时间配置信息 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  918 Jul 11 06:03 keymaps ＃键盘配置信息 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  105 Jul 11 06:03 killprocs -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  121 Jul 11 06:03 localmount -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  898 Jul 11 06:03 modules -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  336 Jul 13 10:45 net ＃网络配置信息 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root    3 Jul 13 10:49 net.enp2s1 -> net -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1335 Jul 11 06:03 netmount -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  271 Jul 11 05:54 pydoc-2.7
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  271 Jul 11 05:32 pydoc-3.2
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  149 Jul 11 05:23 rsyncd -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  396 Jul 11 06:06 sshd -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   76 Jul 11 06:03 tmpfiles -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1639 Jul 11 06:07 udev -rw-r--r-- 1 root root  282 Jul 11 06:03 urandom

主机配置：

gentoo conf.d # more hostname # Set to the hostname of this machine hostname="gentoo" gentoo conf.d # 

网络配置信息

gentoo conf.d #more net # This blank configuration will automatically use DHCP for any net.* # scripts in /etc/init.d.  To create a more complete configuration, # please review /usr/share/doc/openrc*/net.example* and save your configuration # in /etc/conf.d/net (this file :]!). config_enp2s1=("192.168.222.132/24") #网卡符号为enp2s1 routes_enp2s1=("default via 192.168.222.2") #网关配置信息

gentoo的ebuild的集合位于系统的/usr/portage目录下，系统进行了按应用、开发、游戏、媒体等进行了分类

gentoo portage # ls app-accessibility  app-portage   dev-ruby         games-simulation  media-libs     net-print          sec-policy         www-misc app-admin          app-shells    dev-scheme       games-sports      media-plugins  net-proxy          skel.ChangeLog     www-plugins app-antivirus      app-text      dev-tcltk        games-strategy    media-radio    net-voip           skel.ebuild        www-servers app-arch           app-vim       dev-tex          games-util        media-sound    net-wireless       skel.metadata.xml  x11-apps app-backup         app-xemacs    dev-texlive      gnome-base        media-tv       net-zope           sys-apps           x11-base app-benchmarks     dev-ada       dev-util         gnome-extra       media-video    perl-core          sys-auth           x11-drivers app-cdr            dev-cpp       dev-vcs          gnustep-apps      metadata       profiles           sys-block          x11-libs app-crypt          dev-db        distfiles        gnustep-base      net-analyzer   razorqt-base       sys-boot           x11-misc app-dicts          dev-dotnet    eclass           gnustep-libs      net-dialup     rox-base           sys-cluster        x11-plugins app-doc            dev-embedded  games-action     gpe-base          net-dns        rox-extra          sys-devel          x11-proto app-editors        dev-games     games-arcade     gpe-utils         net-firewall   sci-astronomy      sys-firmware       x11-terms app-emacs          dev-haskell   games-board      header.txt        net-fs         sci-biology        sys-freebsd        x11-themes app-emulation      dev-java      games-emulation  java-virtuals     net-ftp        sci-calculators    sys-fs             x11-wm app-forensics      dev-lang      games-engines    kde-base          net-im         sci-chemistry      sys-infiniband     xfce-base app-i18n           dev-libs      games-fps        kde-misc          net-irc        sci-electronics    sys-kernel         xfce-extra app-laptop         dev-lisp      games-kids       licenses          net-libs       sci-geosciences    sys-libs app-leechcraft     dev-lua       games-misc       lxde-base         net-mail       sci-libs           sys-power app-misc           dev-ml        games-mud        mail-client       net-misc       sci-mathematics    sys-process app-mobilephone    dev-perl      games-puzzle     mail-filter       net-nds        sci-misc virtual app-office         dev-php       games-roguelike  mail-mta          net-news       sci-physics        www-apache app-officeext      dev-python    games-rpg        media-fonts       net-nntp       sci-visualization  www-apps app-pda            dev-qt        games-server     media-gfx         net-p2p        scripts            www-client

Gentoo Linux对于一个软件包，有以下几个描述文件，

gentoo ktorrent # ls ChangeLog ＃修改日志 Manifest files #gentooo为软件包打的patch ktorrent-4.3.1.ebuild #ebuild文件 metadata.xml #元数据文件