一、之前的回顾
# int 数字
# str 字符串
# list 列表
# tuple 元组
# dict 字典
字典中最重要的方法
keys()
values()
items()
get
update
字典是以 "key":"value" 的方式存储的
1、字典里面是键值对,每个元素之间也是用逗号分隔,是用{}大括号括起来的
字典里面的value可以是任何值,可以无限嵌套列表和元组
布尔值(不能跟0或1一起出现,当key里面没有0和1就可以做key)、列表、字典不能作为字典的key
字典是无序的,每次运行,输出的结果都不是固定的
二、下面了解下字典的常用操作
info = {"k1": "v1", "k2": "v2" } print (info) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'} info = { "k1": 18, "k2": True, "k3":[ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1":"vv1", "kk2":"vv2", "kk3":(11,22,), } ], "k4":(11,22,33,44,) } print (info) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': True, 'k1': 18, 'k3': [11, 22, 33, {'kk3': (11, 22), 'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk1': 'vv1'}], 'k4': ()}
2.数字、字符串、布尔值、元组、都可以做key
info = { 2:"abc", "k1":"def", True:"123", (11,22):"456" } print (info) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k1': 'def', True: '123', 2: 'abc', (11, 22): '456'}
3.列表和字典都不能作为字典的key
(1)列表不能作为字典的key
info = { 2:"abc", "k1":"def", True:"123", [11,22]:"456" } TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
(2)字典不能作为字典的key
info = { 2:"abc", "k1":"def", True:"123", {"k3":"v3"}:"456" } TypeError: unhashable type: 'dict'
4、字典去保存的时候是按照哈希表保存的
5、字典是无序的(发现每次打印结果都不一样,所以字典是无序的)
第一次打印
C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py
{'k2': True, 'k4': (11, 22, 33, 44), 'k1': 18, 'k3': [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk1': 'vv1', 'kk3': (11, 22)}]}
第二次打印
C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py
{'k4': (11, 22, 33, 44), 'k1': 18, 'k3': [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk1': 'vv1', 'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk3': (11, 22)}], 'k2': True}
6.按照key去取值,比如要取到18这个值应该怎么做(这里就不是索引的的0123这些了)
info = { "k1": 18, "k2": True, "k3":[ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1":"vv1", "kk2":"vv2", "kk3":(11,22,), } ], "k4":(11,22,33,44,) } v = info["k1"] print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py 18
比如想要拿到99999这个值,就是下面这样写了(因为想拿3这个key对应的value,所以直接就写3这个数字就可以了,不用带双引号)
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } v = info[3] print(v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py 99999
7、拿到11 这个元素该怎么写
第一步拿到k3这个key,结果就是一个列表了,想要拿到元组里面的那个11,就得先拿列表里面的整个字典的元素,位置是5
v = info["k3"] print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk3': (11, 22), 'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk1': 'vv1'}]
拿到列表里面的这个字典之后,要想取到元组里面的11,首先得拿到kk3这个key对应的value
v = info["k3"][5] print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk3': (11, 22), 'kk1': 'vv1'}
现在拿到这个元组了,想要元组里面的11这个元素就简单了,11位于这个元素的第0个位置
v = info["k3"][5]["kk3"] print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py (11, 22)
拿到元组中的11的这个元素了
v = info["k3"][5]["kk3"][0] print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py 11
合起来就是下面这
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } v = info["k3"][5]["kk3"][0] print(v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py 11
8.删除字典中的key
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } del info["k1"] print (info) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {3: 99999, 'k3': [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk1': 'vv1', 'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk3': (11, 22)}], 'k4': (11, 22, 33, 44)}
9.删除kk1这个key
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } del info["k3"][5]["kk1"] print (info) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k1': 18, 'k3': [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk3': (11, 22), 'kk2': 'vv2'}], 3: 99999, 'k4': (11, 22, 33, 44)}
10、字典支持for循环,默认循环的时候只有key
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } for n in info: print (n) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py k1 3 k3 k4
11.取字典里面的key,字典里面也有一个方法叫keys
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } # for n in info: # print (n) v = info.keys() print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py dict_keys(['k1', 3, 'k4', 'k3'])
12.取字典里面的values 有一个方法叫做value,可以结合一下for循环,一个一个的打印出来,为啥只有四行呢,因为key只有4个,这是对应的4个key的4个value
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } for n in info.values(): print (n) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py 99999 [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk3': (11, 22), 'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk1': 'vv1'}] (11, 22, 33, 44) 18
13.既想拿到key 又想拿到value(自己写for循环)
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } for n in info.keys(): print (n,info[n]) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py k4 (11, 22, 33, 44) k3 [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk3': (11, 22), 'kk1': 'vv1'}] 3 99999 k1 18
14、既拿到key又拿到value,字典有一个方法,items 我们用一下试试
因为是2个值,所以循环的时候,要用两个变量,这样items这个方法才会把key的值赋值给k,把value的值赋值给v,最后在打印k,v
info = { "k1": 18, 3: 99999, "k3": [ 11, [], (), 22, 33, { "kk1": "vv1", "kk2": "vv2", "kk3": (11, 22,), } ], "k4": (11, 22, 33, 44,) } for k,v in info.items(): print (k,v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py k1 18 k4 (11, 22, 33, 44) 3 99999 k3 [11, [], (), 22, 33, {'kk2': 'vv2', 'kk1': 'vv1', 'kk3': (11, 22)}]
二、dict字典的方法详解
1、clear(self)
D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.
清空字典
D = {"11":"aa","22":"bb","33":"cc"} v = D.clear() print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py None
2. copy(self) 浅拷贝
D = {"11":"aa","22":"bb","33":"cc"} v = D.copy() print (v) print (D) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'22': 'bb', '11': 'aa', '33': 'cc'} {'22': 'bb', '11': 'aa', '33': 'cc'}
3. fromkeys
根据序列,创建字典,并指定统一一个value作为key的值
Returns a new dict with keys from iterable and values equal to value
@staticmethod # known case 这是静态方法的意
def fromkeys(*args, **kwargs)
静态方法是这样使用的 类名.方法
这个必须传2个参数,第一个参数是用来创建字典的key的,必须是可迭代对象,列表、元组,字符串都可以,第二个参数是这些key的统一的值
第一个参数是列表的方式
v = dict.fromkeys(["name","11","woai"],123) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'woai': 123, '11': 123, 'name': 123}
第一个参数是元组的方式
v = dict.fromkeys(("what","66","woai"),123) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'woai': 123, '66': 123, 'what': 123}
第一个参数是字符串的方式
v = dict.fromkeys("name",123) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'m': 123, 'e': 123, 'n': 123, 'a': 123}
4. get(self, k, d=None)
获取key的值
D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
我们通过这种方法的话,如果key不存在的话,程序就直接报错了
D = {"11":"aa","22":"bb","33":"cc"}
v = D["111"]
print (v)
KeyError: '111'
get这个方法在取值的时候,直接加key的名字就可以取到key的对应的值
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.get("k1") print(v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py v1
当要取的这个key不存在时,可以指定一个返回值,默认是None
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.get("k3") print(v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py None
当要取的这个key不存在时,指定一个固定的返回值
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.get("k3","000") print(v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py 000
5. items(self)
同时拿到key和value
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } for n in D.items(): print(n) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py ('k2', 'v2') ('k1', 'v1')
6. keys(self)
取出字典中的所有key
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } for n in D.keys(): print(n) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py k2 k1
7. values(self)
取出字典里面的所有value
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } for n in D.values(): print(n) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py v2 v1
8. pop(self, k, d=None)
删除指定的key
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.pop("k1") print (D) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': 'v2'}
删除指定的key并把删除的value打印出来
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.pop("k1") v就是指定删除的key 值是v1 print (D,v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': 'v2'} v1
当删除的指定的key不存在的时候,可以指定一个参数,让结果返回这个指定的参数
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.pop("k3","000") print (D) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'} 000
9.popitem(self)
随机删除一个key
被删除的key和value是以一个元组的方式输出的
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.popitem() print (D) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': 'v2'} ('k1', 'v1')
也可以这样写
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } k,v = D.popitem() print (D,k,v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': 'v2'} k1 v1
10. setdefault(self, k, d=None)
设置key对应的值,
如果参数里面的key已存在,则不设置,获取当前key对应的值
如果参数里面的key不存在,则设置key的值,获取当前key对应的值
当key存在的时候,则不设置,并且获取当前key的值
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.setdefault("k1","woaini") print (D) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': 'v2', 'k1': 'v1'} v1
当key不存在的时候,则增加一个key,并设置key的值,并返回参数中指定key的值
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = D.setdefault("k3","woaini") print (D) print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k3': 'woaini', 'k2': 'v2', 'k1': 'v1'} woaini
11. update(self, E=None, **F)
如果key存在的话,就更新key的值,如果key不存在的话,就增加到字典里面
k1是在原来基础上修改的,k3是新增的
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } D.update({"k1":"333","k3":"666"}) print (D) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k3': '666', 'k2': 'v2', 'k1': '333'}
第二种写法:
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } D.update(k1=111,k3=666,k5="woaini") print (D) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py {'k2': 'v2', 'k5': 'woaini', 'k1': 111, 'k3': 666}
D.update(k1=111,k3=666,k5="woaini")
相当于在内部自动转换成一个字典,做个更新
如果参数里面是**kwargs 这样的,默认就会把
D.update(k1=111,k3=666,k5="woaini") 自动转换成字典
12.字典里面的in操作
(1)判断字典的key里面是否包含k1
只能判断key不能判断vlaue,想判断value怎么办呢,看(2)
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = "k1" in D print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py True
(2)判断字典里面的value是否包含v1
D = { "k1":"v1", "k2":"v2" } v = "v1" in D.values() print (v) C:python35python3.exe D:/pyproject/day12列表/dict-way.py True