【Django总结】Django基础知识

urls.py

URL:统一资源定位符

APP下的urls.py:在APP里添加urls.py是将App的URL都写入到该文件中

根目录下的urls.py:项目根目录下的urls.py是将APP下的urls.py统一管理

原理：当程序收到用户请求，首先在根目录的urls.py查找该URL是否属于哪个APP；

          然后从APP的urls.py找到具体的URL信息。

 1 # 根目录urls.py
 2 from django.contrib import admin
 3 from django.urls import path,include
 4 urlpatterns = [
 5                path('admin/', admin.site.urls), #Admin站点管理
 6                path('', include('index.urls'))        #首页地址
 7 ]
 8 # path('admin/', admin.site.urls):设定Admin的URL ,'admin/'代表#127.0.0.1:8000/admin地址信息,admin后面的斜杆是路径分隔符；#admin.site.urls是URL的处理函数，也称视图函数
 9 #path('', include('index.urls')):URL为空，代表为网站的域名，即#127.0.0.1:8000/,通常是网站的首页，include代表将URL分发给index的urls.py处理 
10 
11 # APP目录的urls.py
12 # index的urls.py
13 from django.urls import path, include
14 from . import view
15 
16 urlpatterns = [ 
17                path('', views.index)   
18 ]
19 # index中的urls.py和根目录下的大致相同
20 
21 # index的view.py
22 from django.http import HttpResponse
23 
24 def index(request):
25     return HttpResponse('Hello World')
26 
27 # 然后访问127.0.0.1:8000/就会显示 Hello World

 带变量的URL

# index的urls.py
from django.urls import path
from . import views
# 变量的几种数据格式
# str 字符串
# int 整形 
# slug 注释后缀或附属等概念
# uuif 匹配uuif格式的对象，防止冲突
urlpatterns = [
          path('<year>/<int:month>/<slug:day>', views.mydate)
]

# views.py的mydate函数
def mydate(request, year, month, day):
    return HttpResponse(str(year) + '/' + str(month) + '/' + str(day))

# urls.py 正则
from django.urls import path,re_path

urlpatterns = [
     #path('<year>/<int:month>/<slug:day>', views.mydate)
     re_path('(?P<year>[0-9]{4}/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/(?P<day>[0-9]{2})).html', view.mydate)
]    

#实际操作
#根目录：F:mysitemysiteurls.py
"""mysite URL Configuration

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.2/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

# APP目录 F:mysitepollsurls.py
from django.urls import path,re_path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),
    # URl匹配规则从上往下
    #path('<year>/<int:month>/<slug:day>', views.mydate),
    re_path('(?P<year>[0-9]{4})/(?P<month>[0-9]{2})/(?P<day>[0-9]{2})', views.mydate_re)
]
# APP目录 F:mysitepollsviews.py
import datetime
import json
import mimetypes
import os
import re
import sys
import time
from email.header import Header
from http.client import responses
from urllib.parse import quote, urlparse

from django.conf import settings
from django.core import signals, signing
from django.core.exceptions import DisallowedRedirect
from django.core.serializers.json import DjangoJSONEncoder
from django.http.cookie import SimpleCookie
from django.utils import timezone
from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
from django.utils.http import http_date

_charset_from_content_type_re = re.compile(r';s*charset=(?P<charset>[^s;]+)', re.I)


class BadHeaderError(ValueError):
    pass


class HttpResponseBase:
    """
    An HTTP response base class with dictionary-accessed headers.

    This class doesn't handle content. It should not be used directly.
    Use the HttpResponse and StreamingHttpResponse subclasses instead.
    """

    status_code = 200

    def __init__(self, content_type=None, status=None, reason=None, charset=None):
        # _headers is a mapping of the lowercase name to the original case of
        # the header (required for working with legacy systems) and the header
        # value. Both the name of the header and its value are ASCII strings.
        self._headers = {}
        self._closable_objects = []
        # This parameter is set by the handler. It's necessary to preserve the
        # historical behavior of request_finished.
        self._handler_class = None
        self.cookies = SimpleCookie()
        self.closed = False
        if status is not None:
            try:
                self.status_code = int(status)
            except (ValueError, TypeError):
                raise TypeError('HTTP status code must be an integer.')

            if not 100 <= self.status_code <= 599:
                raise ValueError('HTTP status code must be an integer from 100 to 599.')
        self._reason_phrase = reason
        self._charset = charset
        if content_type is None:
            content_type = '%s; charset=%s' % (settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE,
                                               self.charset)
        self['Content-Type'] = content_type

    @property
    def reason_phrase(self):
        if self._reason_phrase is not None:
            return self._reason_phrase
        # Leave self._reason_phrase unset in order to use the default
        # reason phrase for status code.
        return responses.get(self.status_code, 'Unknown Status Code')

    @reason_phrase.setter
    def reason_phrase(self, value):
        self._reason_phrase = value

    @property
    def charset(self):
        if self._charset is not None:
            return self._charset
        content_type = self.get('Content-Type', '')
        matched = _charset_from_content_type_re.search(content_type)
        if matched:
            # Extract the charset and strip its double quotes
            return matched.group('charset').replace('"', '')
        return settings.DEFAULT_CHARSET

    @charset.setter
    def charset(self, value):
        self._charset = value

    def serialize_headers(self):
        """HTTP headers as a bytestring."""
        def to_bytes(val, encoding):
            return val if isinstance(val, bytes) else val.encode(encoding)

        headers = [
            (to_bytes(key, 'ascii') + b': ' + to_bytes(value, 'latin-1'))
            for key, value in self._headers.values()
        ]
        return b'
'.join(headers)

    __bytes__ = serialize_headers

    @property
    def _content_type_for_repr(self):
        return ', "%s"' % self['Content-Type'] if 'Content-Type' in self else ''

    def _convert_to_charset(self, value, charset, mime_encode=False):
        """
        Convert headers key/value to ascii/latin-1 native strings.

        `charset` must be 'ascii' or 'latin-1'. If `mime_encode` is True and
        `value` can't be represented in the given charset, apply MIME-encoding.
        """
        if not isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
            value = str(value)
        if ((isinstance(value, bytes) and (b'
' in value or b'
' in value)) or
                isinstance(value, str) and ('
' in value or '
' in value)):
            raise BadHeaderError("Header values can't contain newlines (got %r)" % value)
        try:
            if isinstance(value, str):
                # Ensure string is valid in given charset
                value.encode(charset)
            else:
                # Convert bytestring using given charset
                value = value.decode(charset)
        except UnicodeError as e:
            if mime_encode:
                value = Header(value, 'utf-8', maxlinelen=sys.maxsize).encode()
            else:
                e.reason += ', HTTP response headers must be in %s format' % charset
                raise
        return value

    def __setitem__(self, header, value):
        header = self._convert_to_charset(header, 'ascii')
        value = self._convert_to_charset(value, 'latin-1', mime_encode=True)
        self._headers[header.lower()] = (header, value)

    def __delitem__(self, header):
        self._headers.pop(header.lower(), False)

    def __getitem__(self, header):
        return self._headers[header.lower()][1]

    def has_header(self, header):
        """Case-insensitive check for a header."""
        return header.lower() in self._headers

    __contains__ = has_header

    def items(self):
        return self._headers.values()

    def get(self, header, alternate=None):
        return self._headers.get(header.lower(), (None, alternate))[1]

    def set_cookie(self, key, value='', max_age=None, expires=None, path='/',
                   domain=None, secure=False, httponly=False, samesite=None):
        """
        Set a cookie.

        ``expires`` can be:
        - a string in the correct format,
        - a naive ``datetime.datetime`` object in UTC,
        - an aware ``datetime.datetime`` object in any time zone.
        If it is a ``datetime.datetime`` object then calculate ``max_age``.
        """
        self.cookies[key] = value
        if expires is not None:
            if isinstance(expires, datetime.datetime):
                if timezone.is_aware(expires):
                    expires = timezone.make_naive(expires, timezone.utc)
                delta = expires - expires.utcnow()
                # Add one second so the date matches exactly (a fraction of
                # time gets lost between converting to a timedelta and
                # then the date string).
                delta = delta + datetime.timedelta(seconds=1)
                # Just set max_age - the max_age logic will set expires.
                expires = None
                max_age = max(0, delta.days * 86400 + delta.seconds)
            else:
                self.cookies[key]['expires'] = expires
        else:
            self.cookies[key]['expires'] = ''
        if max_age is not None:
            self.cookies[key]['max-age'] = max_age
            # IE requires expires, so set it if hasn't been already.
            if not expires:
                self.cookies[key]['expires'] = http_date(time.time() + max_age)
        if path is not None:
            self.cookies[key]['path'] = path
        if domain is not None:
            self.cookies[key]['domain'] = domain
        if secure:
            self.cookies[key]['secure'] = True
        if httponly:
            self.cookies[key]['httponly'] = True
        if samesite:
            if samesite.lower() not in ('lax', 'strict'):
                raise ValueError('samesite must be "lax" or "strict".')
            self.cookies[key]['samesite'] = samesite

    def setdefault(self, key, value):
        """Set a header unless it has already been set."""
        if key not in self:
            self[key] = value

    def set_signed_cookie(self, key, value, salt='', **kwargs):
        value = signing.get_cookie_signer(salt=key + salt).sign(value)
        return self.set_cookie(key, value, **kwargs)

    def delete_cookie(self, key, path='/', domain=None):
        # Most browsers ignore the Set-Cookie header if the cookie name starts
        # with __Host- or __Secure- and the cookie doesn't use the secure flag.
        secure = key.startswith(('__Secure-', '__Host-'))
        self.set_cookie(
            key, max_age=0, path=path, domain=domain, secure=secure,
            expires='Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT',
        )

    # Common methods used by subclasses

    def make_bytes(self, value):
        """Turn a value into a bytestring encoded in the output charset."""
        # Per PEP 3333, this response body must be bytes. To avoid returning
        # an instance of a subclass, this function returns `bytes(value)`.
        # This doesn't make a copy when `value` already contains bytes.

        # Handle string types -- we can't rely on force_bytes here because:
        # - Python attempts str conversion first
        # - when self._charset != 'utf-8' it re-encodes the content
        if isinstance(value, bytes):
            return bytes(value)
        if isinstance(value, str):
            return bytes(value.encode(self.charset))
        # Handle non-string types.
        return str(value).encode(self.charset)

    # These methods partially implement the file-like object interface.
    # See https://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.IOBase

    # The WSGI server must call this method upon completion of the request.
    # See http://blog.dscpl.com.au/2012/10/obligations-for-calling-close-on.html
    def close(self):
        for closable in self._closable_objects:
            try:
                closable.close()
            except Exception:
                pass
        self.closed = True
        signals.request_finished.send(sender=self._handler_class)

    def write(self, content):
        raise IOError("This %s instance is not writable" % self.__class__.__name__)

    def flush(self):
        pass

    def tell(self):
        raise IOError("This %s instance cannot tell its position" % self.__class__.__name__)

    # These methods partially implement a stream-like object interface.
    # See https://docs.python.org/library/io.html#io.IOBase

    def readable(self):
        return False

    def seekable(self):
        return False

    def writable(self):
        return False

    def writelines(self, lines):
        raise IOError("This %s instance is not writable" % self.__class__.__name__)


class HttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
    """
    An HTTP response class with a string as content.

    This content that can be read, appended to, or replaced.
    """

    streaming = False

    def __init__(self, content=b'', *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # Content is a bytestring. See the `content` property methods.
        self.content = content

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>' % {
            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
            'status_code': self.status_code,
            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
        }

    def serialize(self):
        """Full HTTP message, including headers, as a bytestring."""
        return self.serialize_headers() + b'

' + self.content

    __bytes__ = serialize

    @property
    def content(self):
        return b''.join(self._container)

    @content.setter
    def content(self, value):
        # Consume iterators upon assignment to allow repeated iteration.
        if hasattr(value, '__iter__') and not isinstance(value, (bytes, str)):
            content = b''.join(self.make_bytes(chunk) for chunk in value)
            if hasattr(value, 'close'):
                try:
                    value.close()
                except Exception:
                    pass
        else:
            content = self.make_bytes(value)
        # Create a list of properly encoded bytestrings to support write().
        self._container = [content]

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._container)

    def write(self, content):
        self._container.append(self.make_bytes(content))

    def tell(self):
        return len(self.content)

    def getvalue(self):
        return self.content

    def writable(self):
        return True

    def writelines(self, lines):
        for line in lines:
            self.write(line)


class StreamingHttpResponse(HttpResponseBase):
    """
    A streaming HTTP response class with an iterator as content.

    This should only be iterated once, when the response is streamed to the
    client. However, it can be appended to or replaced with a new iterator
    that wraps the original content (or yields entirely new content).
    """

    streaming = True

    def __init__(self, streaming_content=(), *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # `streaming_content` should be an iterable of bytestrings.
        # See the `streaming_content` property methods.
        self.streaming_content = streaming_content

    @property
    def content(self):
        raise AttributeError(
            "This %s instance has no `content` attribute. Use "
            "`streaming_content` instead." % self.__class__.__name__
        )

    @property
    def streaming_content(self):
        return map(self.make_bytes, self._iterator)

    @streaming_content.setter
    def streaming_content(self, value):
        self._set_streaming_content(value)

    def _set_streaming_content(self, value):
        # Ensure we can never iterate on "value" more than once.
        self._iterator = iter(value)
        if hasattr(value, 'close'):
            self._closable_objects.append(value)

    def __iter__(self):
        return self.streaming_content

    def getvalue(self):
        return b''.join(self.streaming_content)


class FileResponse(StreamingHttpResponse):
    """
    A streaming HTTP response class optimized for files.
    """
    block_size = 4096

    def __init__(self, *args, as_attachment=False, filename='', **kwargs):
        self.as_attachment = as_attachment
        self.filename = filename
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

    def _set_streaming_content(self, value):
        if not hasattr(value, 'read'):
            self.file_to_stream = None
            return super()._set_streaming_content(value)

        self.file_to_stream = filelike = value
        if hasattr(filelike, 'close'):
            self._closable_objects.append(filelike)
        value = iter(lambda: filelike.read(self.block_size), b'')
        self.set_headers(filelike)
        super()._set_streaming_content(value)

    def set_headers(self, filelike):
        """
        Set some common response headers (Content-Length, Content-Type, and
        Content-Disposition) based on the `filelike` response content.
        """
        encoding_map = {
            'bzip2': 'application/x-bzip',
            'gzip': 'application/gzip',
            'xz': 'application/x-xz',
        }
        filename = getattr(filelike, 'name', None)
        filename = filename if (isinstance(filename, str) and filename) else self.filename
        if os.path.isabs(filename):
            self['Content-Length'] = os.path.getsize(filelike.name)
        elif hasattr(filelike, 'getbuffer'):
            self['Content-Length'] = filelike.getbuffer().nbytes

        if self.get('Content-Type', '').startswith(settings.DEFAULT_CONTENT_TYPE):
            if filename:
                content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(filename)
                # Encoding isn't set to prevent browsers from automatically
                # uncompressing files.
                content_type = encoding_map.get(encoding, content_type)
                self['Content-Type'] = content_type or 'application/octet-stream'
            else:
                self['Content-Type'] = 'application/octet-stream'

        if self.as_attachment:
            filename = self.filename or os.path.basename(filename)
            if filename:
                try:
                    filename.encode('ascii')
                    file_expr = 'filename="{}"'.format(filename)
                except UnicodeEncodeError:
                    file_expr = "filename*=utf-8''{}".format(quote(filename))
                self['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; {}'.format(file_expr)


class HttpResponseRedirectBase(HttpResponse):
    allowed_schemes = ['http', 'https', 'ftp']

    def __init__(self, redirect_to, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self['Location'] = iri_to_uri(redirect_to)
        parsed = urlparse(str(redirect_to))
        if parsed.scheme and parsed.scheme not in self.allowed_schemes:
            raise DisallowedRedirect("Unsafe redirect to URL with protocol '%s'" % parsed.scheme)

    url = property(lambda self: self['Location'])

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%(cls)s status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s, url="%(url)s">' % {
            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
            'status_code': self.status_code,
            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
            'url': self.url,
        }


class HttpResponseRedirect(HttpResponseRedirectBase):
    status_code = 302


class HttpResponsePermanentRedirect(HttpResponseRedirectBase):
    status_code = 301


class HttpResponseNotModified(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 304

    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        del self['content-type']

    @HttpResponse.content.setter
    def content(self, value):
        if value:
            raise AttributeError("You cannot set content to a 304 (Not Modified) response")
        self._container = []


class HttpResponseBadRequest(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 400


class HttpResponseNotFound(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 404


class HttpResponseForbidden(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 403


class HttpResponseNotAllowed(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 405

    def __init__(self, permitted_methods, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self['Allow'] = ', '.join(permitted_methods)

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<%(cls)s [%(methods)s] status_code=%(status_code)d%(content_type)s>' % {
            'cls': self.__class__.__name__,
            'status_code': self.status_code,
            'content_type': self._content_type_for_repr,
            'methods': self['Allow'],
        }


class HttpResponseGone(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 410


class HttpResponseServerError(HttpResponse):
    status_code = 500


class Http404(Exception):
    pass


class JsonResponse(HttpResponse):
    """
    An HTTP response class that consumes data to be serialized to JSON.

    :param data: Data to be dumped into json. By default only ``dict`` objects
      are allowed to be passed due to a security flaw before EcmaScript 5. See
      the ``safe`` parameter for more information.
    :param encoder: Should be a json encoder class. Defaults to
      ``django.core.serializers.json.DjangoJSONEncoder``.
    :param safe: Controls if only ``dict`` objects may be serialized. Defaults
      to ``True``.
    :param json_dumps_params: A dictionary of kwargs passed to json.dumps().
    """

    def __init__(self, data, encoder=DjangoJSONEncoder, safe=True,
                 json_dumps_params=None, **kwargs):
        if safe and not isinstance(data, dict):
            raise TypeError(
                'In order to allow non-dict objects to be serialized set the '
                'safe parameter to False.'
            )
        if json_dumps_params is None:
            json_dumps_params = {}
        kwargs.setdefault('content_type', 'application/json')
        data = json.dumps(data, cls=encoder, **json_dumps_params)
        super().__init__(content=data, **kwargs)