20170815上课笔记

备份语法

backup database

backup 'datafile' //或者bacakup 4，5（数字为编号）select file_id, file_name from dba_data_files; 查看

backup tabalespace XX

RMAN备份

                   不归档                                          归档

         online       offline                          online       offline

    完全部分完全部分       完全部分完全部分

不归档下只能脱机状态进行完全备份，其他情况都可能丢失数据

归档状态下任何备份都不会出现问题

不归档情况下完全备份只能在数据库mount下才能备份

shutdown nomount mount open

备份数据文件：

SQL> select file_id, file_name from dba_data_files;

RMAN> backup datafile 4;

RMAN> backup datafile 4, 5;

RMAN> backup datafile '/u01/app/oracle/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf';

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

RMAN> backup tablespace users, example;

RMAN> backup database;

RMAN> list backup;

desc v$backup_set，浏览器查看备份

增量备份：

1级别备份分为1c和1d 其中1c为记录上次0级别全备份之后到当前所有的备份，1d为记录上次1d到当前1d备份

RMAN> backup incremental level 0 tablespace users;

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;

SQL> create table t1(x int) tablespace users;

SQL> insert into t1 values (1);

SQL> commit;

RMAN> backup incremental level 1 tablespace users;//level 1 默认为1d

RMAN> backup incremental level 1 tablespace users;//两次1d之间没有操作 则不记录，只存本身的头文件

SQL> create table t2(x int) tablespace users;

SQL> insert into t2 values (1);

SQL> commit;

RMAN> backup incremental level 1 cumulative tablespace users;//level 1 cumulative 为1c

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;

开启块跟踪：//频繁开启增量备份时 建议开启块跟踪，只扫描增量变化的数据

SQL> alter database enable block change tracking using file '/home/oracle/blk_trk.chg';

需要重新连接会话

SQL> select * from v$block_change_tracking;

SQL> select DATAFILE_BLOCKS, BLOCKS_READ, BLOCKS, USED_CHANGE_TRACKING from v$backup_datafile where INCREMENTAL_LEVEL>0;

SQL> create table t3(x int) tablespace users;

SQL> insert into t3 values (1);

SQL> commit;

RMAN> backup incremental level 1 tablespace users;

SQL> select DATAFILE_BLOCKS, BLOCKS_READ, BLOCKS, USED_CHANGE_TRACKING from v$backup_datafile where INCREMENTAL_LEVEL>0;

SQL> alter database disable block change tracking;                 关闭

增量更新：

SQL> create table t1(x int) tablespace users;

SQL> insert into t1 values (1);

SQL> commit;

RMAN> backup incremental level 1 for recover of copy with tag 'update_copy' tablespace users;       第一次创建的是0级备份//第一次即为拷贝镜像文件 系统会监测以前有没有0级别备份，如果没有系统会强制改成0，所以写1即可 'update为标签 以后再创建的备份需要一致

RMAN> list copy;              记录time和scn

SQL> insert into t1 values (2);

SQL> commit;

RMAN> backup incremental level 1 for recover of copy with tag 'update_copy' tablespace users;       第2次创建的是1级备份 生成1d类备份集

RMAN> list backup;                   backupset格式

RMAN> recover copy of tablespace users with tag 'update_copy';//将1d备份回复到0级别镜像拷贝文件上

RMAN> list copy;              time和scn更新

脚本形式：

RMAN> run {

backup incremental level 1 for recover of copy with tag 'update_copy' tablespace users;

recover copy of tablespace users with tag 'update_copy';

}

备份归档日志：

RMAN> list archivelog all;

RMAN> backup archivelog all delete all input;

RMAN> list archivelog all;

RMAN> list backup;

备份的维护：

查看：

RMAN> list backup;

RMAN> list copy;

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;

RMAN> list backup of datafile 4;

RMAN> list archivelog all;

检查备份：

RMAN> delete backup;                      删除所有备份

RMAN> delete copy;

RMAN> list backup;                   list copy;

RMAN> report need backup;            根据策略检查

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

RMAN> report need backup;

RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY TO REDUNDANCY 2;

RMAN> report need backup;//查看

RMAN> CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY clear;

CONFIGURE RETENTION POLICY 2//默认1 修改冗余命令

RMAN> report obsolete;

list copy //查看镜像拷贝

删除备份：

RMAN> delete backupset of tablespace users;

RMAN> delete backupset 1234;

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

RMAN> show all;

RMAN> delete obsolete;//删除超过冗余上限备份文件

crosscheck://交叉检查控制文件和磁盘文件是否一致

RMAN> delete backup;

RMAN> backup tablespace users;

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;

$ mv /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/…            改名

RMAN> restore datafile 4;                报错//当磁盘中有正确文件时，可对其进行恢复

RMAN> crosscheck backup;

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;                   报废状态

RMAN> list expired backup;

$ mv /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/…             恢复原名

RMAN> crosscheck backup; //交叉检查控制文件和磁盘文件是否一致

RMAN> list backup of tablespace users;                   可用状态

RMAN> delete expired backup;//删除交叉检查不一致文件

catalog:

$ cp /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/…             复制

RMAN> delete backup;

RMAN> list backup;                   backupset消失

$ mv /u01/app/oracle/fast_recovery_area/ORCL/backupset/…             恢复原名

RMAN> catalog recovery area noprompt;//恢复backupset

RMAN> list backup;                   backupset恢复