[cs231n][Module 0: Preparation] Python Numpy Tutorial

原文：[python/numpy tutorial]。

翻译：Python Numpy教程。

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cs231n课程中的python快速入门

以下为阿幻的学习笔记:

Python

Table of contents：

python

• Basic data types
• Containers(容器)
• lists
• dictionaries
• sets(集合)
• tuples(元组)
• Functions
• Classes

Numpy

• Arrays
• Array indexing(访问数组)
• Datatypes
• Array math
• Broadcasting(广播?)

SciPy

• image operations
• MATLAB files
• Distance between points

Matplotlib

• Potting(绘图)
• Subplots(绘制多个图形)
• Images

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

介儿个 上边是 目录 

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　介儿个 下边是 我的笔记

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python

• Basic data types

1. n次方  **n　　 (介个我以前不知道)

2. python中没有 x++ 或 x-- 操作

3. python中没有 && 和 || ，用and，or，not，!=

4. 字符串操作　

s = "hello"
print(len(s))             #print 5
print(s.capitalize())  # Capitalize a string; prints "Hello"
print(s.upper())       # Convert a string to uppercase; prints "HELLO"
print(s.rjust(7))      # Right-justify a string, padding with spaces; prints "  hello"
print(s.center(7))     # Center a string, padding with spaces; prints " hello "
print(s.replace('l', '(ell)'))  # Replace all instances of one substring with another;
                                # prints "he(ell)(ell)o"
print('  world '.strip())  # Strip leading and trailing whitespace; prints "world"    

• Containers(容器)
• lists

5. 末尾的添加和删除, 以及slicing(切片)操作

xs = [3, 1, 2]    # Create a list
print(xs[-1])     # Negative indices count from the end of the list; prints "2"
xs[2] = 'foo'     # Lists can contain elements of different types
print(xs)         # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo']"
xs.append('bar')  # Add a new element to the end of the list
print(xs)         # Prints "[3, 1, 'foo', 'bar']"
x = xs.pop()      # Remove and return the last element of the list
print(x, xs)      # Prints "bar [3, 1, 'foo']"

print(xs[1:])    # Prints "[1, 'foo']"     slicing(切片)

6. 想要在循环体内访问每个元素的指针，可以使用内置的enumerate函数

animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey']
for idx, animal in enumerate(animals):
    print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal)
# Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line

7. 列表推导List comprehensions：在编程的时候，我们常常想要将一种数据类型转换为另一种。下面是一个简单例子，将列表中的每个元素变成它的平方。

nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
squares = [x ** 2 for x in nums if x % 2 == 0]
print squares # Prints [0, 4, 16]

• dictionaries

8. 字典用来储存（键, 值）对,想要访问键和对应的值，那就使用iteritems方法：

d = {'person': 2, 'cat': 4, 'spider': 8}
for animal, legs in d.iteritems():
    print 'A %s has %d legs' % (animal, legs)
# Prints "A person has 2 legs", "A spider has 8 legs", "A cat has 4 legs"

字典推导Dictionary comprehensions：和列表推导类似，但是允许你方便地构建字典。

• sets(集合)

9. 集合是独立不同个体的无序集合

animals = {'cat', 'dog'}
animals.add('fish')      # Add an element to a set
animals.remove('cat')    # Remove an element from a set

在集合中循环的语法和在列表中一样，但是集合是无序的，所以你在访问集合的元素的时候，不能做关于顺序的假设。

集合推导Set comprehensions：和字典推导一样，可以很方便地构建集合：

• tuples(元组)

10. 元组是一个值的有序列表（不可改变）。从很多方面来说，元组和列表都很相似。和列表最重要的不同在于，元组可以在字典中用作键，还可以作为集合的元素，而列表不行。

d = {(x, x + 1): x for x in range(10)}  # Create a dictionary with tuple keys
print d
t = (5, 6)       # Create a tuple
print type(t)    # Prints "<type 'tuple'>"
print d[t]       # Prints "5"
print d[(1, 2)]  # Prints "1"

• Functions

11. Python函数使用def来定义函数

• Classes

12. Python对于类的定义是简单直接的：

class Greeter(object):
    # Constructor
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name  # Create an instance variable
    # Instance method
    def greet(self, loud=False):
        if loud:
            print 'HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper()
        else:
            print 'Hello, %s' % self.name

g = Greeter('Fred')  # Construct an instance of the Greeter class
g.greet()            # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred"
g.greet(loud=True)   # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!"

Numpy

Numpy是Python中用于科学计算的核心库。它提供了高性能的多维数组对象，以及相关工具。

• Arrays

13. 一个numpy数组是一个由不同数值组成的网格。网格中的数据都是同一种数据类型，可以通过非负整型数的元组来访问。维度的数量被称为数组的阶，数组的大小是一个由整型数构成的元组，可以描述数组不同维度上的大小。

import numpy as np
b = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])   # Create a rank 2 array
print b                           # 显示一下矩阵b
print b.shape                     # Prints "(2, 3)"
print b[0, 0], b[0, 1], b[1, 0]   # Prints "1 2 4"

a = np.zeros((2,2))  # Create an array of all zeros
print a              # Prints "[[ 0.  0.]
                     #          [ 0.  0.]]"

b = np.ones((1,2))   # Create an array of all ones
print b              # Prints "[[ 1.  1.]]"

c = np.full((1,2), 7) # Create a constant array

d = np.eye(3)        # Create a 2x2 identity matrix
print d              # Prints "[[ 1.  0. 0.]
                     #          [ 0.  1. 0.]
　　　　　　　　　　　　 #　　　　　　[ 0.  0. 1.]]"

 e = np.random.random((2,2)) # Create an array filled with random values 

print e # Might print "[[ 0.91940167 0.08143941] 
                      # [ 0.68744134 0.87236687]]"

• Array indexing(访问数组)

14.  整形数组访问  布尔型数组访问  

切片: 必须为每个维度指定好切片。

import numpy as np

# Create the following rank 2 array with shape (3, 4)
# [[ 1  2  3  4]
#  [ 5  6  7  8]
#  [ 9 10 11 12]]
a = np.array([[1,2,3,4], [5,6,7,8], [9,10,11,12]])

# Use slicing to pull out the subarray consisting of the first 2 rows
# and columns 1 and 2; b is the following array of shape (2, 2):
# [[2 3]
#  [6 7]]
b = a[:2, 1:3]

# A slice of an array is a view into the same data, so modifying it
# will modify the original array.
print a[0, 1]   # Prints "2"
b[0, 0] = 77    # b[0, 0] is the same piece of data as a[0, 1]
print a[0, 1]   # Prints "77"

print a[a>10]   # Print [11,12]

整型数组访问语法还有个有用的技巧，可以用来选择或者更改矩阵中每行中的一个元素：

import numpy as np
# Create a new array from which we will select elements
a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
print a  # prints "array([[ 1,  2,  3],
         #                [ 4,  5,  6],
         #                [ 7,  8,  9],
         #                [10, 11, 12]])"

# Create an array of indices
b = np.array([0, 2, 0, 1])
# Select one element from each row of a using the indices in b
print a[np.arange(4), b]  # Prints "[ 1  6  7 11]"

# Mutate one element from each row of a using the indices in b
a[np.arange(4), b] += 10
print a  # prints "array([[11,  2,  3],
         #                [ 4,  5, 16],
         #                [17,  8,  9],
         #                [10, 21, 12]]) 

• Datatypes

每个Numpy数组都是数据类型相同的元素组成的网格。Numpy提供了很多的数据类型用于创建数组。当你创建数组的时候，Numpy会尝试猜测数组的数据类型，你也可以通过参数直接指定数据类型 

• Array math

基本数学计算函数会对数组中元素逐个进行计算，既可以利用操作符重载，也可以使用函数方式：

import numpy as np

x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]], dtype=np.float64)
y = np.array([[5,6],[7,8]], dtype=np.float64)

# Elementwise sum; both produce the array
# [[ 6.0  8.0]
#  [10.0 12.0]]
print x + y
print np.add(x, y)

# Elementwise difference; both produce the array
# [[-4.0 -4.0]
#  [-4.0 -4.0]]
print x - y
print np.subtract(x, y)

# Elementwise product; both produce the array
# [[ 5.0 12.0]
#  [21.0 32.0]]
print x * y
print np.multiply(x, y)

# Elementwise division; both produce the array
# [[ 0.2         0.33333333]
#  [ 0.42857143  0.5       ]]
print x / y
print np.divide(x, y)

# Elementwise square root; produces the array
# [[ 1.          1.41421356]
#  [ 1.73205081  2.        ]]
print np.sqrt(x)

*是元素逐个相乘，而不是矩阵乘法。在Numpy中使用dot来进行矩阵乘法：

# Matrix / matrix product; both produce the rank 2 array
# [[19. 22.]
#  [43. 50.]]
print x.dot(y)
print np.dot(x, y)

sum函数

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2],[3,4]])
print np.sum(x)  # Compute sum of all elements; prints "10"
print np.sum(x, axis=0)  # Compute sum of each column; prints "[4 6]"
print np.sum(x, axis=1)  # Compute sum of each row; prints "[3 7]"

在Numpy中，使用T来转置矩阵：

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[1,2], [3,4]])
print x    # Prints "[[1 2]
           #          [3 4]]"
print x.T  # Prints "[[1 3]
           #          [2 4]]"

# Note that taking the transpose of a rank 1 array does nothing:
v = np.array([1,2,3])
print v    # Prints "[1 2 3]"
print v.T  # Prints "[1 2 3]"

• Broadcasting(广播?)

一种强有力的机制，它让Numpy可以让不同大小的矩阵在一起进行数学计算. 支持广播机制的函数是全局函数。

举个例子，如果我们要把一个向量加到矩阵的每一行：

import numpy as np

# We will add the vector v to each row of the matrix x,
# storing the result in the matrix y
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9], [10, 11, 12]])
v = np.array([1, 0, 1])
y = x + v  # Add v to each row of x using broadcasting
print y  # Prints "[[ 2  2  4]
         #          [ 5  5  7]
         #          [ 8  8 10]
         #          [11 11 13]]"

对两个数组使用广播机制要遵守下列规则：

1. 如果数组的秩不同，使用1来将秩较小的数组进行扩展，直到两个数组的尺寸的长度都一样。
2. 如果两个数组在某个维度上的长度是一样的，或者其中一个数组在该维度上长度为1，那么我们就说这两个数组在该维度上是相容的。
3. 如果两个数组在所有维度上都是相容的，他们就能使用广播。
4. 如果两个输入数组的尺寸不同，那么注意其中较大的那个尺寸。因为广播之后，两个数组的尺寸将和那个较大的尺寸一样。
5. 在任何一个维度上，如果一个数组的长度为1，另一个数组长度大于1，那么在该维度上，就好像是对第一个数组进行了复制。

import numpy as np

# Compute outer product of vectors
v = np.array([1,2,3])  # v has shape (3,)
w = np.array([4,5])    # w has shape (2,)
# To compute an outer product, we first reshape v to be a column
# vector of shape (3, 1); we can then broadcast it against w to yield
# an output of shape (3, 2), which is the outer product of v and w:
# [[ 4  5]
#  [ 8 10]
#  [12 15]]
print np.reshape(v, (3, 1)) * w

# Add a vector to each row of a matrix
x = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
# x has shape (2, 3) and v has shape (3,) so they broadcast to (2, 3),
# giving the following matrix:
# [[2 4 6]
#  [5 7 9]]
print x + v

# Add a vector to each column of a matrix
# x has shape (2, 3) and w has shape (2,).
# If we transpose x then it has shape (3, 2) and can be broadcast
# against w to yield a result of shape (3, 2); transposing this result
# yields the final result of shape (2, 3) which is the matrix x with
# the vector w added to each column. Gives the following matrix:
# [[ 5  6  7]
#  [ 9 10 11]]
print (x.T + w).T

# Another solution is to reshape w to be a row vector of shape (2, 1);
# we can then broadcast it directly against x to produce the same
# output.
print x + np.reshape(w, (2, 1))

# Multiply a matrix by a constant:
# x has shape (2, 3). Numpy treats scalars as arrays of shape ();
# these can be broadcast together to shape (2, 3), producing the
# following array:
# [[ 2  4  6]
#  [ 8 10 12]]
print x * 2

SciPy(提供了一些操作图像的基本函数。)

• image operations

熟悉SciPy的最好方法就是阅读文档。

from scipy.misc import imread, imsave, imresize, imshow
# Read an JPEG image into a numpy array
img = imread('1.jpg')
print img.dtype, img.shape  # Prints "uint8 (400, 248, 3)"

# We can tint the image by scaling each of the color channels
# by a different scalar constant. The image has shape (400, 248, 3);
# we multiply it by the array [1, 0.95, 0.9] of shape (3,);
# numpy broadcasting means that this leaves the red channel unchanged,
# and multiplies the green and blue channels by 0.95 and 0.9
# respectively.
img_tinted = img * [1, 0, 0]  #处理RGB颜色通道

# Resize the tinted image to be 300 by 300 pixels.
img_tinted = imresize(img_tinted, (300, 300))

# Write the tinted image back to disk
imsave('assets/cat_tinted.jpg', img_tinted)

• MATLAB files

函数scipy.io.loadmat和scipy.io.savemat能够让你读和写MATLAB文件。具体请查看文档。

• Distance between points

函数scipy.spatial.distance.pdist能够计算集合中所有两点之间的距离：

import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial.distance import pdist, squareform

# Create the following array where each row is a point in 2D space:
# [[0 1]
#  [1 0]
#  [2 0]]
x = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0], [2, 0]])
print x

# Compute the Euclidean distance between all rows of x.
# d[i, j] is the Euclidean distance between x[i, :] and x[j, :],
# and d is the following array:
# [[ 0.          1.41421356  2.23606798]
#  [ 1.41421356  0.          1.        ]
#  [ 2.23606798  1.          0.        ]]
d = squareform(pdist(x, 'euclidean'))

pdist(x, 'euclidean')　　　　# array([ 1.41421356,  2.23606798,  1.        ])

Matplotlib

Matplotlib是一个作图库。这里简要介绍matplotlib.pyplot模块，功能和MATLAB的作图功能类似。

• Potting(绘图)

matplotlib库中最重要的函数是Plot。该函数允许你做出2D图形，如下：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)
# Plot the points using matplotlib
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.xlabel('x axis label')
plt.ylabel('y axis label')
plt.title('Sine and Cosine')
plt.legend(['Sine', 'Cosine'])
plt.show()

• Subplots(绘制多个图形)

可以使用subplot函数来在一幅图中画不同的东西：

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)
# Set up a subplot grid that has height 2 and width 1,
# and set the first such subplot as active.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)

# Make the first plot
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.title('Sine')
# Set the second subplot as active, and make the second plot.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.title('Cosine')

  ###(plt.subplot(2, 1, *) )         ###(plt.subplot( 1, 2, *) )

• Images

可使用imshow函数来显示图像

import numpy as np
from scipy.misc import imread, imresize
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

img = imread('assets/cat.jpg')
img_tinted = img * [1, 0.95, 0.9]

# Show the original image
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.imshow(img)

# Show the tinted image
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)

# A slight gotcha with imshow is that it might give strange results
# if presented with data that is not uint8. To work around this, we
# explicitly cast the image to uint8 before displaying it.
plt.imshow(np.uint8(img_tinted))
plt.show()