1、原地交换两个数字
1 x, y =10, 20 2 3 print(x, y) 4 5 y, x = x, y 6 7 print(x, y)
10 20
20 10
2、链状比较操作符
1 n = 10 2 3 print(1 < n < 20) 4 5 print(1 > n <= 9)
True
False
3、使用三元操作符来实现条件赋值
[表达式为真的返回值] if [表达式] else [表达式为假的返回值]
y = 20 x = 9 if (y == 10) else 8 print(x)
8
# 找abc中最小的数 def small(a, b, c): return a if a<b and a<c else (b if b<a and b<c else c) print(small(1, 0, 1)) print(small(1, 2, 2)) print(small(2, 2, 3)) print(small(5, 4, 3))
0
1
3
3
# 列表推导 x = [m**2 if m>10 else m**4 for m in range(50)] print(x)
[0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225, 1296, 1369, 1444, 1521, 1600, 1681, 1764, 1849, 1936, 2025, 2116, 2209, 2304, 2401]
4、多行字符串
multistr = "select * from multi_row where row_id < 5" print(multistr)
select * from multi_row where row_id < 5
multistr = """select * from multi_row where row_id < 5""" print(multistr)
select * from multi_row
where row_id < 5
multistr = ("select * from multi_row" "where row_id < 5" "order by age") print(multistr)
select * from multi_rowwhere row_id < 5order by age
5、存储列表元素到新的变量
testList = [1, 2, 3] x, y, z = testList # 变量个数应该和列表长度严格一致 print(x, y, z)
1 2 3
6、打印引入模块的绝对路径
import threading import socket print(threading) print(socket)
<module 'threading' from 'd:\python351\lib\threading.py'>
<module 'socket' from 'd:\python351\lib\socket.py'>
7、交互环境下的“_”操作符
在python控制台，不论我们测试一个表达式还是调用一个方法，结果都会分配给一个临时变量“_”
8、字典/集合推导
testDic = {i: i * i for i in range(10)}
testSet = {i * 2 for i in range(10)}
print(testDic)
print(testSet)
{0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
9、调试脚本
用pdb模块设置断点
import pdb
pdb.ste_trace()
10、开启文件分享
python允许开启一个HTTP服务器从根目录共享文件
python -m http.server
11、检查python中的对象
test = [1, 3, 5, 7] print(dir(test))
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
test = range(10) print(dir(test))
['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index', 'start', 'step', 'stop']
12、简化if语句
# use following way to verify multi values if m in [1, 2, 3, 4]: # do not use following way if m==1 or m==2 or m==3 or m==4:
13、运行时检测python版本
import sys if not hasattr(sys, "hexversion") or sys.version_info != (2, 7): print("sorry, you are not running on python 2.7") print("current python version:", sys.version) sorry, you are not running on python 2.7 current python version: 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]
14、组合多个字符串
test = ["I", "Like", "Python"] print(test) print("".join(test)) ['I', 'Like', 'Python'] ILikePython
15、四种翻转字符串、列表的方式
5
3
1
16、用枚举在循环中找到索引
test = [10, 20, 30]
for i, value in enumerate(test):
print(i, ':', value)
0 : 10
1 : 20
2 : 30
17、定义枚举量
class shapes:
circle, square, triangle, quadrangle = range(4) print(shapes.circle) print(shapes.square) print(shapes.triangle) print(shapes.quadrangle)
0
1
2
3
18、从方法中返回多个值
def x(): return 1, 2, 3, 4 a, b, c, d = x() print(a, b, c, d)
1 2 3 4
19、使用*运算符unpack函数参数
def test(x, y, z): print(x, y, z) testDic = {'x':1, 'y':2, 'z':3} testList = [10, 20, 30] test(*testDic) test(**testDic) test(*testList)
z x y
1 2 3
10 20 30
20、用字典来存储表达式
stdcalc = { "sum": lambda x, y: x + y, "subtract": lambda x, y: x - y } print(stdcalc["sum"](9, 3)) print(stdcalc["subtract"](9, 3))
12
6
21、计算任何数的阶乘
import functools result = (lambda k: functools.reduce(int.__mul__, range(1, k+1), 1))(3) print(result)
6
22、找到列表中出现次数最多的数
test = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4] print(max(set(test), key=test.count))
4
23、重置递归限制
python限制递归次数到1000，可以用下面方法重置
import sys x = 1200 print(sys.getrecursionlimit()) sys.setrecursionlimit(x) print(sys.getrecursionlimit())
1000
1200
24、检查一个对象的内存使用
import sys x = 1 print(sys.getsizeof(x)) # python3.5中一个32比特的整数占用28字节
28
25、使用slots减少内存开支
import sys # 原始类 class FileSystem(object): def __init__(self, files, folders, devices): self.files = files self.folder = folders self.devices = devices print(sys.getsizeof(FileSystem)) # 减少内存后 class FileSystem(object): __slots__ = ['files', 'folders', 'devices'] def __init__(self, files, folders, devices): self.files = files self.folder = folders self.devices = devices print(sys.getsizeof(FileSystem))
1016
888
26、用lambda 来模仿输出方法
import sys lprint = lambda *args: sys.stdout.write(" ".join(map(str, args))) lprint("python", "tips", 1000, 1001) python tips 1000 1001
27、从两个相关序列构建一个字典
t1 = (1, 2, 3) t2 = (10, 20, 30) print(dict(zip(t1, t2))) {1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30}
28、搜索字符串的多个前后缀
print("http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb".startswith(("http://", "https://"))) print("http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb".endswith((".ipynb", ".py"))) True True
29、不使用循环构造一个列表
import itertools import numpy as np test = [[-1, -2], [30, 40], [25, 35]] print(list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(test))) [-1, -2, 30, 40, 25, 35]
30、实现switch-case语句
def xswitch(x): return xswitch._system_dict.get(x, None) xswitch._system_dict = {"files":10, "folders":5, "devices":2} print(xswitch("default")) print(xswitch("devices")) None
2