Go语言学习笔记(七)

13.函数

注意：有些时候我会省略main函数

  1: func functionnanme([parametername type]) [returntype] {
  2: 	//function body
  3: } // 其中参数列表和返回值列表是可选

两个数相加

  1: func add(a int, b int) int {
  2: 	fmt.Println(a+b)
  3: 	return 0
  4: }
  5: func main() {
  6: 	add(2, 3)
  7: }

多返回值

  1: func calc(a, b int)(int, int) {
  2: 	sum:=a+b
  3: 	sub:=a-b
  4: 	return sum,sub
  5: }
  6: func main() {
  7: 	sum,sub:=calc(2,3)
  8: 	fmt.Println(sum, sub)
  9: }

换种写法

  1: func calc(a, b int)(sum int, sub int) {
  2: 	sum=a+b
  3: 	sub=a-b
  4: 	return 
  5: }

可变参数(可以传参数，可以不传，也可以传0个或多个参数)

  1: func calc_v1(b ...int) int {
  2: 	sum:=0
  3: 	for i:=0;i<len(b);i++ {
  4: 		sum = sum + b[i]
  5: 	}
  6: 	return sum
  7: }
  8: func main(){
  9: 	sum:=calc_v1()
 10: 	fmt.Printf("sum=%d
", sum)
 11: }

defer语句

  1: func calc_v1(b ...int)(sum int, sub int) {
  2: 	defer fmt.Println("defer")
  3: 	return
  4: }

几个例子：

  1: func test_defer() {
  2: 	defer fmt.Println("hello")
  3: 	fmt.Println("alex")
  4: }

输出结果

  1: >>> alex
  2: >>> hello 

多个defer 遵循栈的特性：先进后出

  1: func test_defer() {
  2: 	defer fmt.Println("hello_1")
  3: 	defer fmt.Println("hello_2")
  4: 	defer fmt.Println("hello_3")
  5: 	defer fmt.Println("hello_4")
  6: }

输出结果

  1: >>> hello_4
  2: >>> hello_3
  3: >>> hello_2
  4: >>> hello_1

  1: func test_defer_2() {
  2: 	for i:=0;i<5;i++ {
  3: 		fmt.Println("hello%d
", i)
  4: 	}
  5: 	fmt.Println("start...
")
  6: }

打印结果

  1: >>> start...
  2: >>> hello,3
  3: >>> hello,2
  4: >>> hello,1
  5: >>> hello,0

  1: func test_defer_3() {
  2: 	var i int =0
  3: 	defer fmt.Printf("defer i=%d
", i)
  4: 	i = 1000
  5: 	fmt.Printf("i=%d
", i)
  6: }

输出

  1: >>> i=1000
  2: >>> defer i=0

常用内置函数：

  1: close:主要用来关闭channel
  2: len:用来求长度,比如string,array,slice,map,channel
  3: new:用来分配内存,主要用来分配值类型,比如int,struct。返回的是指针
  4: make:用来分配内存,主要用来分配引用类型,比如chan,map,slice
  5: append:用来追加元素到数组,slice中
  6: panic和recover:用来做错误处理

几个小练习：

质数判断：

1.求1到100之内的所有质数，并打印到屏幕上

  1: func justfy(n int) bool {
  2: 	for i:=2;i<n;i++ {
  3: 		if n%i == 0 {
  4: 			return false
  5: 		}
  6: 	}
  7: 	return true
  8: }
  9: func problem1 () {
 10: 	for i:=2;i<100;i++ {
 11: 		if justfy(i) == true {
 12: 			fmt.Printf("%d is prime
", i)
 13: 		}
 14: 	}
 15: }

2.打印出所有的"水仙花数",所谓"水仙花数"是指一个三位数,其各位数字立方和等于该数本身。例如:153是一个"水仙花数",因为153=1的三次方+5的三次方+3的三次方。求100到1000之间的所有水仙花数。

  1: func is_narcissus(n int) bool {
  2: 	first := n%10
  3: 	second := (n/10)%10
  4: 	third := (n/100)%10
  5: 	sum:= first*first*first + second*second*second + third*third*third
  6: 	if sum == n{
  7: 		return true
  8: 	}
  9: 	return false
 10: }
 11: func number_array() {
 12: 	for i:=100;i<=1000;i++{
 13: 		if  is_narcissus(i) {
 14: 			fmt.Printf("%d is narcissus
", i)
 15: 		}
 16: 	}
 17: }

3.输入一行字符,分别统计出其中英文字母,空格,数字和其他字符的个数。

  1: func statistics_str (str string) (){
  2: 	utfChars := []rune(str)
  3: 	countChar,countNum,countSpace,countOther := 0, 0, 0, 0
  4: 	for i:=0;i<len(utfChars);i++ {
  5: 		a := utfChars[i]
  6: 		switch  {
  7: 		case a >= 'a' &&  a <= 'z' || a >= 'A' &&  a <= 'Z':
  8: 			countChar++
  9: 		case a == ' ':
 10: 			countSpace++
 11: 		case a >= '0' && a <= '9':
 12: 			countNum++
 13: 		default:
 14: 			countOther++
 15: 		}
 16: 	}
 17: 	fmt.Printf("countChar=%d
countNum=%d
countSpace=%d
countOther=%d
", countChar, countNum, countSpace, countOther)
 18: }