linux在被bootloader加载到内存后, cpu最初执行的linux内核代码是/header.S文件中的start_of_setup函数,这个函数在做了一些准备工作后会跳转到boot目下文件main.c的main函数执行,在这个main函数中我们可以第一次看到与内存管理相关的代码,这段代码调用detect_memeory()函数检测系统物理内存
在header.S中执行下面汇编代码:
- start_of_setup:
- .....
- # Jump to C code (should not return)
- calll main
- .....
跳到boot目录下的main.c文件中
- void main(void)
- {
- ......
- /* Detect memory layout */
- detect_memory();/*内存探测函数*/
- ......
- }
- int detect_memory(void)
- {
- int err = -1;
- if (detect_memory_e820() > 0)
- err = 0;
- if (!detect_memory_e801())
- err = 0;
- if (!detect_memory_88())
- err = 0;
- return err;
- }
由上面的代码可知,linux内核会分别尝试调用detect_memory_e820()、detcct_memory_e801()、detect_memory_88()获得系统物理内存布局,这3个函数内部其实都会以内联汇编的形式调用bios中断以取得内存信息,该中断调用形式为int 0x15,同时调用前分别把AX寄存器设置为0xe820h、0xe801h、0x88h,关于0x15号中断有兴趣的可以去查询相关手册。下面分析detect_memory_e820()的代码,其它代码基本一样。
- #define SMAP 0x534d4150 /* ASCII "SMAP" */
- /*由于历史原因,一些i/o设备也会占据一部分内存
- 物理地址空间,因此系统可以使用的物理内存空
- 间是不连续的,系统内存被分成了很多段,每个段
- 的属性也是不一样的。int 0x15 查询物理内存时每次
- 返回一个内存段的信息,因此要想返回系统中所有
- 的物理内存,我们必须以迭代的方式去查询。
- detect_memory_e820()函数把int 0x15放到一个do-while循环里,
- 每次得到的一个内存段放到struct e820entry里,而
- struct e820entry的结构正是e820返回结果的结构!而像
- 其它启动时获得的结果一样,最终都会被放到
- boot_params里,e820被放到了 boot_params.e820_map。
- */
- static int detect_memory_e820(void)
- {
- int count = 0;/*用于记录已检测到的物理内存数目*/
- struct biosregs ireg, oreg;
- struct e820entry *desc = boot_params.e820_map;
- static struct e820entry buf; /* static so it is zeroed */
- initregs(&ireg);/*初始化ireg中的相关寄存器*/
- ireg.ax = 0xe820;
- ireg.cx = sizeof buf;/*e820entry数据结构大小*/
- ireg.edx = SMAP;/*标识*/
- ireg.di = (size_t)&buf;/*int15返回值的存放处*/
- /*
- * Note: at least one BIOS is known which assumes that the
- * buffer pointed to by one e820 call is the same one as
- * the previous call, and only changes modified fields. Therefore,
- * we use a temporary buffer and copy the results entry by entry.
- *
- * This routine deliberately does not try to account for
- * ACPI 3+ extended attributes. This is because there are
- * BIOSes in the field which report zero for the valid bit for
- * all ranges, and we don't currently make any use of the
- * other attribute bits. Revisit this if we see the extended
- * attribute bits deployed in a meaningful way in the future.
- */
- do {
- /*在执行这条内联汇编语句时输入的参数有:
- eax寄存器=0xe820
- dx寄存器=’SMAP’
- edi寄存器=desc
- ebx寄存器=next
- ecx寄存器=size
- 返回给c语言代码的参数有:
- id=eax寄存器
- rr=edx寄存器
- ext=ebx寄存器
- size=ecx寄存器
- desc指向的内存地址在执行0x15中断调用时被设置
- */
- intcall(0x15, &ireg, &oreg);
- /*选择下一个*/
- ireg.ebx = oreg.ebx; /* for next iteration... */
- /* BIOSes which terminate the chain with CF = 1 as opposed
- to %ebx = 0 don't always report the SMAP signature on
- the final, failing, probe. */
- if (oreg.eflags & X86_EFLAGS_CF)
- break;
- /* Some BIOSes stop returning SMAP in the middle of
- the search loop. We don't know exactly how the BIOS
- screwed up the map at that point, we might have a
- partial map, the full map, or complete garbage, so
- just return failure. */
- if (oreg.eax != SMAP) {
- count = 0;
- break;
- }
- *desc++ = buf;/*将buf赋值给desc*/
- count++;/*探测数加一*/
- }
- while (ireg.ebx && count < ARRAY_SIZE(boot_params.e820_map));
- /*将内存块数保持到变量中*/
- return boot_params.e820_entries = count;
- }
其中存放中断返回值得结构如下
- struct e820entry {
- __u64 addr; /* start of memory segment */
- __u64 size; /* size of memory segment */
- __u32 type; /* type of memory segment */
- } __attribute__((packed));
在内核初始化跳入start_kernel函数后执行以下初始化
start_kernel()->setup_arch()->setup_memory_map()
- /*调用x86_init.resources.memory_setup()实现对e820内存图的优化,
- 将e820中得值保存在e820_saved中,打印内存图
- */
- void __init setup_memory_map(void)
- {
- char *who;
- /*调用x86体系下的memory_setup函数*/
- who = x86_init.resources.memory_setup();
- /*保存到e820_saved中*/
- memcpy(&e820_saved, &e820, sizeof(struct e820map));
- printk(KERN_INFO "BIOS-provided physical RAM map:\n");
- /*打印输出*/
- e820_print_map(who);
- }
在x86_init.c中定义了x86下的memory_setup函数
- struct x86_init_ops x86_init __initdata = {
- .resources = {
- ……
- .memory_setup = default_machine_specific_memory_setup,
- },
- ……
- };
- char *__init default_machine_specific_memory_setup(void)
- {
- char *who = "BIOS-e820";
- u32 new_nr;
- /*
- * Try to copy the BIOS-supplied E820-map.
- *
- * Otherwise fake a memory map; one section from 0k->640k,
- * the next section from 1mb->appropriate_mem_k
- */
- new_nr = boot_params.e820_entries;
- /*将重叠的去除*/
- sanitize_e820_map(boot_params.e820_map,
- ARRAY_SIZE(boot_params.e820_map),
- &new_nr);
- /*去掉重叠的部分后得到的内存个数*/
- boot_params.e820_entries = new_nr;
- /*将其赋值到全局变量e820中,小于0时,为出错处理*/
- if (append_e820_map(boot_params.e820_map, boot_params.e820_entries)
- < 0) {
- ……
- }
- /* In case someone cares... */
- return who;
- }
append_e820_map调用__append_e820_map实现
- static int __init __append_e820_map(struct e820entry *biosmap, int nr_map)
- {
- while (nr_map) {/*循环nr_map次调用,添加内存块到e820*/
- u64 start = biosmap->addr;
- u64 size = biosmap->size;
- u64 end = start + size;
- u32 type = biosmap->type;
- /* Overflow in 64 bits? Ignore the memory map. */
- if (start > end)
- return -1;
- /*添加函数*/
- e820_add_region(start, size, type);
- biosmap++;
- nr_map--;
- }
- return 0;
- }
- void __init e820_add_region(u64 start, u64 size, int type)
- {
- __e820_add_region(&e820, start, size, type);
- }
e820为e820map结构
- struct e820map {
- __u32 nr_map;
- struct e820entry map[E820_X_MAX];
- };
其中E820_X_MAX大小为128.
- tatic void __init __e820_add_region(struct e820map *e820x, u64 start, u64 size,
- int type)
- {
- int x = e820x->nr_map;
- if (x >= ARRAY_SIZE(e820x->map)) {
- printk(KERN_ERR "Ooops! Too many entries in the memory map!\n");
- return;
- }
到这里,物理内存就已经从BIOS中读出来存放到全局变量e820中,e820是linux内核中用于建立内存管理框架的基础。在后面我们会看到,建立初始化节点、管理区会用到他。