一、基础知识
“__”前缀:私有属性、方法,在__dict__中存储时被改写为“_类名__”前缀
“_”前缀:是约定俗成的保护属性、方法,不过编译器不会对之采取任何处理
二、class特殊方法介绍
在第9章的双元素基础上,我们扩展为任意元素长度的向量,并探讨了相关方法的使用:
__getattr__(self, name):
result = obj.name 会调用builtin函数getattr(obj,'name')查找对应属性,如果没有name属性则调用obj.__getattr__('name')方法,再无则报错
__setattr__(self, name, value):
obj.name = value 会调用builtin函数setattr(obj,'name',value)设置对应属性,如果设置了__setattr__('name',value)方法则优先调用此方法,而非直接将值存入__dict__并新建属性
自己改写时一般添加一些预先处理,最后还是要用到继承super().__setattr__(name, value)
__getitem__(self, item):
在函数体内,会将self[index]的外部表达中的index转化为slice对象,方便处理
__setitem__(self, key, value):
没有用到,用于设置可以self[key]形式查询的数据,即支持序列索引和散列表两种形式
实现程序如下:
import math
import reprlib
from array import array
import numbers # 提供整数基类
import functools
import operator # 亦或方法,虽然'^='功能一样
import itertools
class Vector:
typecode = 'd'
shortcut_names = 'xyzt'
def __init__(self, components):
self._components = array(self.typecode, components)
def __iter__(self):
return iter(self._components)
def __repr__(self):
components = reprlib.repr(self._components)
components = components[components.find('['):-1]
return 'Vector({})'.format(components)
def __str__(self):
return str(tuple(self))
def __bytes__(self):
return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) +
bytes(self._components))
def __abs__(self):
return math.sqrt(sum(x*x for x in self))
def __bool__(self):
return bool(abs(self))
@classmethod
def frombytes(cls, octets):
typecode = chr(octets[0])
memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode)
return cls(memv)
# ==========支持切片操作==========
def __len__(self):
return len(self._components)
# def __getitem__(self, index):
# # 支持切片类似[1:2]
# # 但是Vector的切片是数组,而非Vector实例
# # 实际上在方法内部index被转化为了slice对象
# return self._components[index]
# 和__setitem_对应(此处未实现)
def __getitem__(self, index): # 会将self[index]的index转化为slice对象
cls = type(self)
if isinstance(index, slice):
return cls(self._components[index])
elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral):
return self._components[index]
else:
raise TypeError('indices must be integers')
# ==========动态存取属性==========
# xyzt四个字母分别指代前四个分量,调用如'v.x',
# 设置属性时保证不能使用小写字母a-z为实例添加属性
def __getattr__(self, name):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
pos = cls.shortcut_names.find(name)
if 0 <= pos < len(self._components):
return self._components[pos]
raise AttributeError('object has no attribute')
def __setattr__(self, name, value):
cls = type(self)
if len(name) == 1:
if name in cls.shortcut_names:
error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}'
elif name.islower():
error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name!r}"
else:
error = '' # bool('')=False
if error:
raise AttributeError(error.format(cls_name=cls.__name__,
attr_name=name))
super().__setattr__(name, value)
# ==========哈希方法==========
def __hash__(self):
# hashes = map(hash, self._components)
hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components)
return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, initial=0)
# reduce的initial表示初始值,如果序列为空则返回初始值,否则
# 初始值加到序列首,对亦或运算初始值应该为0
def __eq__(self, other):
# ----------version1----------
# 原版(注释句)在向量很长时消耗内存过巨,需要构建两个元组
# return tuple(self) == tuple(other)
# ----------version2----------
# if len(self) != len(other):
# return False
# for a, b in zip(self, other):
# if a != b:
# return False
# return True
# ----------version3----------
return len(self) == len(other) and
all(a == b for a, b in zip(self, other))
# format规范化输出
def angle(self, n):
r = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components))
a = math.atan2(r, self[n-1])
if (n == len(self) - 1) and (self[-1] < 0):
return math.pi * 2 - a
else:
return a
def angles(self):
return (self.angle(n) for n in range(1, len(self)))
def __format__(self, format_spec=''):
if format_spec.endswith('h'):
format_spec = format_spec[:-1]
# r, angle1,angle2,……
coords = itertools.chain([abs(self)], self.angles())
out_fmt = '<{}>'
else:
coords = self
out_fmt = '({})'
components = (format(c, format_spec) for c in coords)
return out_fmt.format(','.join(components))
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(Vector(range(10)))
v = Vector(range(7))
print(v)
print(v[3])
print(v.x)