一、基础知识
“__”前缀:私有属性、方法,在__dict__中存储时被改写为“_类名__”前缀
“_”前缀:是约定俗成的保护属性、方法,不过编译器不会对之采取任何处理
二、class特殊方法介绍
在第9章的双元素基础上,我们扩展为任意元素长度的向量,并探讨了相关方法的使用:
__getattr__(self, name):
result = obj.name 会调用builtin函数getattr(obj,'name')查找对应属性,如果没有name属性则调用obj.__getattr__('name')方法,再无则报错
__setattr__(self, name, value):
obj.name = value 会调用builtin函数setattr(obj,'name',value)设置对应属性,如果设置了__setattr__('name',value)方法则优先调用此方法,而非直接将值存入__dict__并新建属性
自己改写时一般添加一些预先处理,最后还是要用到继承super().__setattr__(name, value)
__getitem__(self, item):
在函数体内,会将self[index]的外部表达中的index转化为slice对象,方便处理
__setitem__(self
, key, value
):
没有用到,用于设置可以self[key]形式查询的数据,即支持序列索引和散列表两种形式
实现程序如下:
import math import reprlib from array import array import numbers # 提供整数基类 import functools import operator # 亦或方法,虽然'^='功能一样 import itertools class Vector: typecode = 'd' shortcut_names = 'xyzt' def __init__(self, components): self._components = array(self.typecode, components) def __iter__(self): return iter(self._components) def __repr__(self): components = reprlib.repr(self._components) components = components[components.find('['):-1] return 'Vector({})'.format(components) def __str__(self): return str(tuple(self)) def __bytes__(self): return (bytes([ord(self.typecode)]) + bytes(self._components)) def __abs__(self): return math.sqrt(sum(x*x for x in self)) def __bool__(self): return bool(abs(self)) @classmethod def frombytes(cls, octets): typecode = chr(octets[0]) memv = memoryview(octets[1:]).cast(typecode) return cls(memv) # ==========支持切片操作========== def __len__(self): return len(self._components) # def __getitem__(self, index): # # 支持切片类似[1:2] # # 但是Vector的切片是数组,而非Vector实例 # # 实际上在方法内部index被转化为了slice对象 # return self._components[index] # 和__setitem_对应(此处未实现) def __getitem__(self, index): # 会将self[index]的index转化为slice对象 cls = type(self) if isinstance(index, slice): return cls(self._components[index]) elif isinstance(index, numbers.Integral): return self._components[index] else: raise TypeError('indices must be integers') # ==========动态存取属性========== # xyzt四个字母分别指代前四个分量,调用如'v.x', # 设置属性时保证不能使用小写字母a-z为实例添加属性 def __getattr__(self, name): cls = type(self) if len(name) == 1: pos = cls.shortcut_names.find(name) if 0 <= pos < len(self._components): return self._components[pos] raise AttributeError('object has no attribute') def __setattr__(self, name, value): cls = type(self) if len(name) == 1: if name in cls.shortcut_names: error = 'readonly attribute {attr_name!r}' elif name.islower(): error = "can't set attributes 'a' to 'z' in {cls_name!r}" else: error = '' # bool('')=False if error: raise AttributeError(error.format(cls_name=cls.__name__, attr_name=name)) super().__setattr__(name, value) # ==========哈希方法========== def __hash__(self): # hashes = map(hash, self._components) hashes = (hash(x) for x in self._components) return functools.reduce(operator.xor, hashes, initial=0) # reduce的initial表示初始值,如果序列为空则返回初始值,否则 # 初始值加到序列首,对亦或运算初始值应该为0 def __eq__(self, other): # ----------version1---------- # 原版(注释句)在向量很长时消耗内存过巨,需要构建两个元组 # return tuple(self) == tuple(other) # ----------version2---------- # if len(self) != len(other): # return False # for a, b in zip(self, other): # if a != b: # return False # return True # ----------version3---------- return len(self) == len(other) and all(a == b for a, b in zip(self, other)) # format规范化输出 def angle(self, n): r = math.sqrt(sum(x * x for x in self._components)) a = math.atan2(r, self[n-1]) if (n == len(self) - 1) and (self[-1] < 0): return math.pi * 2 - a else: return a def angles(self): return (self.angle(n) for n in range(1, len(self))) def __format__(self, format_spec=''): if format_spec.endswith('h'): format_spec = format_spec[:-1] # r, angle1,angle2,…… coords = itertools.chain([abs(self)], self.angles()) out_fmt = '<{}>' else: coords = self out_fmt = '({})' components = (format(c, format_spec) for c in coords) return out_fmt.format(','.join(components)) if __name__ == "__main__": print(Vector(range(10))) v = Vector(range(7)) print(v) print(v[3]) print(v.x)