synchronized与lock详解

今天面试的时候，被问到了synchronized与lock的详细区别，感觉答的不太好。下午搜了一些资料，对synchronized与lock也有了一个重新的认识

两者区别：

1. 首先，synchronized是一个Java内置的关键字，在JVM层面，lock是个Java类，是一个API
2. synchronized无法判断是否获取锁的状态，lock可以判断是否可以获取到锁
3. synchronized会自动释放锁？什么时候？a.线程执行完同步代码块的时候会释放锁;b.线程执行过程中发生异常会释放锁；lock需要在finally代码块中手工释放锁，否则容易造成线程死锁
4. 用synchronized关键字的两个线程1和线程2，如果当前线程1获得锁，线程2线程等待。如果线程1阻塞，线程2则会一直等待下去，而Lock锁就不一定会等待下去，如果尝试获取不到锁，线程可以不用一直等待就结束了；
5. synchronized的锁可以重入，不可中断，非公平，而lock锁可重入，可中断，可公平
6. 因此lock锁适合大量同步代码的同步问题，synchronized锁适合代码少量的同步问题

小例子：

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
 
public class LockTest {
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    /*
     * 使用完毕释放后其他线程才能获取锁
     */
    public void lockTest(Thread thread) {
        lock.lock();//获取锁
        try {
            System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "获取当前锁"); //打印当前锁的名称
            Thread.sleep(2000);//为看出执行效果，是线程此处休眠2秒
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "发生了异常释放锁");
        }finally {
            System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "执行完毕释放锁");
            lock.unlock(); //释放锁
        }
    }
     
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockTest lockTest = new LockTest();
        //声明一个线程 “线程一”
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                lockTest.lockTest(Thread.currentThread());
            }
        }, "thread1");
        //声明一个线程 “线程二”
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
 
            @Override
            public void run() {
                lockTest.lockTest(Thread.currentThread());
            }
        }, "thread2");
        // 启动2个线程
        thread2.start();
        thread1.start();
 
    }
}

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockTest {
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    
    /*
     * 尝试获取锁 tryLock() 它表示用来尝试获取锁，如果获取成功，则返回true，如果获取失败（即锁已被其他线程获取），则返回false
     */
    public void tryLockTest(Thread thread) {
        if(lock.tryLock()) { //尝试获取锁
            try {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "获取当前锁"); //打印当前锁的名称
                Thread.sleep(2000);//为看出执行效果，是线程此处休眠2秒
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "发生了异常释放锁");
            }finally {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "执行完毕释放锁");
                lock.unlock(); //释放锁
            }
        }else{
            System.out.println("我是线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"当前锁被别人占用，我无法获取");
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockTest lockTest = new LockTest();
        
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                lockTest.tryLockTest(Thread.currentThread());
            }
        }, "thread1");
        //声明一个线程 “线程二”
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {

            @Override
            public void run() {
                lockTest.tryLockTest(Thread.currentThread());
            }
        }, "thread2");
        // 启动2个线程
        thread2.start();
        thread1.start();


    }
}

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockTest {
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    public void tryLockParamTest(Thread thread) throws InterruptedException {
        if(lock.tryLock(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) { //尝试获取锁 获取不到锁，就等3秒，如果3秒后还是获取不到就返回false  
            try {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "获取当前锁"); //打印当前锁的名称
                Thread.sleep(4000);//为看出执行效果，是线程此处休眠2秒
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "发生了异常释放锁");
            }finally {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "执行完毕释放锁");
                lock.unlock(); //释放锁
            }
        }else{
            System.out.println("我是线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"当前锁被别人占用,等待3s后仍无法获取,放弃");
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockTest lockTest = new LockTest();
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    lockTest.tryLockParamTest(Thread.currentThread());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }, "thread1");
        //声明一个线程 “线程二”
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    lockTest.tryLockParamTest(Thread.currentThread());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }, "thread2");
        // 启动2个线程
        thread2.start();
        thread1.start();
    }
}

执行结果：

因为此时线程1休眠了4秒，线程2等待了3秒还没有获取到就放弃获取锁了，执行结束

 将方法中的 Thread.sleep(4000)改为Thread.sleep(2000)执行结果如下：

因为此时线程1休眠了2秒，线程2等待了3秒的期间线

参考转载自：https://www.cnblogs.com/iyyy/p/7993788.html

import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;

public class LockTest {
    private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    public void tryLockParamTest(Thread thread) throws InterruptedException {
        if(lock.tryLock(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)) { //尝试获取锁 获取不到锁，就等3秒，如果3秒后还是获取不到就返回false  
            try {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "获取当前锁"); //打印当前锁的名称
                Thread.sleep(4000);//为看出执行效果，是线程此处休眠2秒
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "发生了异常释放锁");
            }finally {
                System.out.println("线程"+thread.getName() + "执行完毕释放锁");
                lock.unlock(); //释放锁
            }
        }else{
            System.out.println("我是线程"+Thread.currentThread().getName()+"当前锁被别人占用,等待3s后仍无法获取,放弃");
        }
    }
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        LockTest lockTest = new LockTest();
        Thread thread1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    lockTest.tryLockParamTest(Thread.currentThread());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }, "thread1");
        //声明一个线程 “线程二”
        Thread thread2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                try {
                    lockTest.tryLockParamTest(Thread.currentThread());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    // TODO Auto-generated catch block
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
        }, "thread2");
        // 启动2个线程
        thread2.start();
        thread1.start();
    }
}