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  • 深度优先搜索 DFS(Depath First Search, DFS)

    深度优先搜索是一种枚举所有完整路径以遍历所有情况的搜索方法。(不撞南墙不回头)

    DFS一般用递归来实现,其伪代码思路过程一般如下:

    void DFS(必要的参数){
        if (符和遍历到一条完整路径的尾部){
            更新某个全局变量的值
        }
        if (跳出循环的临界条件){
            return;
        }
        对所有可能出现的情况进行递归
    }

    常见题型1:

     代码实现:

     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 const int maxn = 30;
     3 int n, V, maxVal = 0;        // 物品减数, 背包容量,最大价值maxValue
     4 int w[30];
     5 int c[30];
     6 int ans = 0;        // 最大价值
     7 
     8 // dfs, index是物品编号,nowW是当前所收纳的物品容量,nowC是当前所收纳的物品的总价值
     9 void dfs(int index, int nowW, int nowC){
    10     if (index == n){
    11         return;
    12     }
    13     dfs(index + 1, nowW, nowC);        // 不选第index件商品
    14     if (nowW + w[index] <= V){        // 选第index件商品,但是先判断容量是否超限
    15         if (nowC + c[index] > ans){
    16             ans = nowC + c[index];        // 更新最大价值
    17         }
    18         dfs(index + 1, nowW + w[index], nowC + c[index]);
    19     }
    20 }
    21 
    22 int main()
    23 {
    24     scanf("%d %d", &n, &V);
    25     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
    26         scanf("%d", &w[i]);            // 每件物品的重量
    27     }
    28     for (int i = 0; i < n; i++){
    29         scanf("%d", &c[i]);            // 每件物品的价值
    30     }
    31 
    32     dfs(0, 0, 0);
    33     printf("%d
    ", ans);
    34 
    35     return 0;
    36 }

    常见题型二:

    枚举从N 个整数找那个选择K个数(有时这个数可能可以重复)的所有方案(有时要打印这个方案的序列)

     代码实现:

     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 #include <vector>
     3 using namespace std;
     4 
     5 const int maxn = 30;
     6 // 从包含n个数的序列A中选k个数使得和为x, 最大平方和为maxSumSqu;
     7 int n, k, sum, maxSumSqu = -1, A[maxn];
     8 vector<int> temp, ans;        // temp存放临时方案,ans存放平方和最大的方案
     9 
    10 void DFS(int index, int nowK, int nowSum, int nowSumSqu){
    11     if (nowK == k && nowSum == sum){
    12         if (nowSumSqu > maxSumSqu){
    13             maxSumSqu = nowSumSqu;
    14             ans = temp;
    15         }
    16         return;
    17     }
    18     // 如果已经处理完n个数,或者选择了超过k个数,或者和超过x
    19     if (index == n && nowK > k && nowSum > sum){
    20         return;
    21     }
    22 
    23     // 选这个数
    24     temp.push_back(A[index]);
    25     DFS(index + 1, nowK + 1, nowSum + A[index], nowSumSqu + A[index] * A[index]);
    26     
    27     // 不选这个数
    28     // 先把刚加到temp中的数据去掉
    29     temp.pop_back();
    30     DFS(index + 1, nowK, nowSum, nowSumSqu);
    31 }

    如果选出的k个数可以重复,那么只需将上面“选这个数的 index + 1 改成 index 即可”

    DFS(index + 1, nowK + 1, nowSum + A[index], nowSumSqu + A[index] * A[index]);

    改成

    DFS(index, nowK + 1, nowSum + A[index], nowSumSqu + A[index] * A[index]);

    DFS题型实战:

              1103 Integer Factorization (30分)

    The KP factorization of a positive integer N is to write N as the sum of the P-th power of K positive integers. You are supposed to write a program to find the KP factorization of N for any positive integers N, K and P.

    Input Specification:

    Each input file contains one test case which gives in a line the three positive integers N (400), K (N) and P (1<P7). The numbers in a line are separated by a space.

    Output Specification:

    For each case, if the solution exists, output in the format:

    N = n[1]^P + ... n[K]^P
    

    where n[i] (i = 1, ..., K) is the i-th factor. All the factors must be printed in non-increasing order.

    Note: the solution may not be unique. For example, the 5-2 factorization of 169 has 9 solutions, such as 122​​+42​​+22​​+22​​+12​​, or 112​​+62​​+22​​+22​​+22​​, or more. You must output the one with the maximum sum of the factors. If there is a tie, the largest factor sequence must be chosen -- sequence { a1​​,a2​​,,aK​​ } is said to be larger than { b1​​,b​2​​,⋯,b​K​​ } if there exists 1≤L≤K such that a​i​​=b​i​​ for i<L and a​L​​>b​L​​.

    If there is no solution, simple output Impossible.

    Sample Input 1:

    169 5 2
    

    Sample Output 1:

    169 = 6^2 + 6^2 + 6^2 + 6^2 + 5^2
    

    Sample Input 2:

    169 167 3
    

    Sample Output 2:

    Impossible

    代码实现:
     1 #include <stdio.h>
     2 #include <vector>
     3 #include <algorithm>
     4 #include <math.h>
     5 using namespace std;
     6 
     7 // 从1 - 20中选出k个数,数可重复,使得这些数的p次方的和刚好等于n, 求这些序列中和最大的那个序列
     8 
     9 int A[21];
    10 int flag = 1;
    11 int n, k, p, maxSum = -1;
    12 vector<int> ans, temp, fac;        // ans 存放最终序列, temp存放临时序列
    13 
    14 // 快速幂
    15 int power(int i){
    16     /*if (p == 1 )
    17         return i;
    18     if ((p & 1) != 0)
    19         return i * power(i, p - 1);
    20     else
    21     {
    22         int temp = power(i, p / 2);
    23         return temp * temp;
    24     }*/
    25 
    26     int ans = 1;
    27     for (int j = 0; j < p; j++){
    28         ans *= i;
    29     }
    30     return ans;
    31 }
    32 
    33 // 求出所有不大于n的p次幂
    34 void init(){
    35     int i = 0, temp = 0;
    36     while (temp <= n){
    37         fac.push_back(temp);
    38         temp = power(++i);
    39     }
    40 }
    41 
    42 // DFS
    43 void DFS(int index, int nowK, int sum, int squSum){
    44     // 临界条件
    45     if (squSum == n && nowK == k){
    46         if (sum > maxSum){
    47             maxSum = sum;
    48             ans = temp;
    49         }
    50         
    51         return;
    52     }
    53 
    54     if (sum > n || nowK > k){
    55         return;
    56     }
    57 
    58     if (index >= 1){
    59         // 遍历所有可能的情况
    60         // 选当前数
    61         temp.push_back(index);
    62         DFS(index, nowK + 1, sum + index, squSum + fac[index]);
    63 
    64         // 不选当前数
    65         temp.pop_back();
    66         DFS(index - 1, nowK, sum, squSum);
    67 
    68         
    69     }
    70 }
    71 
    72 int main()
    73 {
    74     // 读取输入
    75     // freopen("in.txt", "r", stdin);
    76     scanf("%d %d %d", &n, &k, &p);
    77 
    78     // 初始化fac数组
    79     init();
    80 
    81     // DFS寻找最合适的序列
    82     DFS(fac.size() - 1, 0, 0, 0);
    83     
    84     // 输出
    85     // 如果ans的size大于1则说明有结果
    86     if (maxSum != -1){
    87         // 排序
    88         printf("%d = %d^%d", n, ans[0], p);
    89         for (int i = 1; i < ans.size(); i++){
    90             printf(" + %d^%d", ans[i], p);
    91         }
    92     }else
    93         printf("Impossible");
    94 
    95     // fclose(stdin);
    96     return 0;
    97 }

    这个实战题主要就是要先把 所有不超过 N 的 i ^p都算出来,要不然会超时

     
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/hi3254014978/p/12236443.html
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