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  • Java 集合系列08 HashMap集合

    1. HashMap介绍

      HashMap集合底层是哈希表数据结构,存储的内容是键值对,继承于AbstractMap,实现了Map,Clonable,java.io.Serializable接口,是非线程安全的。

      HashMap的构造函数

    //指定容量大小和加载因子的构造函数
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor)
    
    //指定容量的构造函数
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity)
    
    //默认构造函数
    public HashMap()
    
    //包含“子Map”的构造函数
    public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m)

      HashMap常用API

        map中的常用方法:
        map集合存储的是key , value 数据
        1. put()  集合中添加元素
        2. get()  通过key,获取value
        3. remove()  移除集合中的元素
        4. size()  获取集合中键值对的数量
        5. containsKey()  集合中是否包含指定key
        6. values()  获取集合中的所有value,返回一个集合

    2. HashMap总体结构

    public class HashMap<K,V> extends AbstractMap<K,V>
        implements Map<K,V>, Cloneable, Serializable

       简单来看,HashMap由数组和链表组成,数组是HashMap的主体,链表是主要为了解决哈希冲突存在的,如果所在数组位置不包含链表,则next指向Null,那么查找和添加操作很快;如果包含链表,对于插入操作,首先遍历链表,存在则覆盖,否则新增;对于查询操作,也是需要遍历整个链表,然后equals方法逐一比较。

    3. HashMap源码解析

      HashMap主干是一个Node数组,数组存储key-value。

    transient Node<K,V>[] table;

      

      每个数组包含hash,key,value,next,Node是一个静态内部类

        static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {
            final int hash;
            final K key;
            V value;
            Node<K,V> next;     //指向下一个节点
    
            Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node<K,V> next) {
                this.hash = hash;
                this.key = key;
                this.value = value;
                this.next = next;
            }
    
            public final K getKey()        { return key; }
            public final V getValue()      { return value; }
            public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }
    
            public final int hashCode() {
                return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);
            }
    
            public final V setValue(V newValue) {
                V oldValue = value;
                value = newValue;
                return oldValue;
            }
        
        
         //判断Node是否相等,若两个Node的key和value都相等,则返回true
    public final boolean equals(Object o) { if (o == this) return true; if (o instanceof Map.Entry) { Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>)o; if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) && Objects.equals(value, e.getValue())) return true; } return false; } }

      可以看出,Node就是一个单链表,Node实现了Map.Entry接口,实现了getKey(),getValue(),setValue(),等方法。

      HashMap中的几个重要字段

    transient int size;
    
    transient int modCount;
    
    int threshold;
    
    final float loadFactor;

      size:实际存储key-value键值对的个数

      loadFactor:加载因子,表示HashMap的负载程度可以决定HashMap是否需要扩容,默认值是0.75;HashMap的初始化容量是16,初始化容量和加载因子共同决定HashMap是否要扩容了,也就是说大小为16的HashMap,到了12个元素,就会扩容为32,而不是等到满16个才开始扩容,这样一定程度减缓了哈希冲突。

      threshold:阈值,当HashMap中存储的数据数量达到阈值时,就需要扩容。threshold = 容量*加载因子。

      modCount:HashMap被改变的次数,HashMap是非线程安全的,再对HashMap跌打时,如果其他线程改变了HashMap的结构时(比如put,remove等操作),会抛出异常ConcurrentModificationException。

      HashMap构造函数

      //默认构造函数,设置加载因子
    public HashMap() { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; // all other fields defaulted }   
      
      //指定容量大小构造函数  
    public HashMap(int initialCapacity) { this(initialCapacity, DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR); }   //指定容量和加载因子构造函数 public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) { if (initialCapacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " + initialCapacity); if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY; if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor)) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " + loadFactor); this.loadFactor = loadFactor; this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity); }   
      
      //包含子Map构造函数
    public HashMap(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> m) { this.loadFactor = DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR; putMapEntries(m, false); }

       

      clear()

        public void clear() {
            Node<K,V>[] tab;
            modCount++;
            if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
                size = 0;
                for (int i = 0; i < tab.length; ++i)
                    tab[i] = null;
            }
        }

      clear()方法的作用是清空hashmap,它是将hashmap的大小置为0,所有的值都设为null实现的

      containsKey() 

        public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
            return getNode(hash(key), key) != null;
        }
    
        final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
            Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
            if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
                (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
                if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                    ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    return first;
                if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                    if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                        return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                    do {
                        if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                            return e;
                    } while ((e = e.next) != null);
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

      containsKey() 作用是检查HashMap中是否包含指定key,返回boolean类型。

      通过getNode() 获取key对应的Node,判断Node是否为空。 

      containsValue()

        public boolean containsValue(Object value) {
            Node<K,V>[] tab; V v;
            if ((tab = table) != null && size > 0) {
                for (Node<K,V> e : tab) {
                    for (; e != null; e = e.next) {
                        if ((v = e.value) == value ||
                            (value != null && value.equals(v)))
                            return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            return false;
        }

      containsValue() 检查HashMap中是否包含指定value,返回boolean类型,遍历检查集合中节点值与value相等的元素。

      entrySet()

      keySet(),values()和entrySet()三者源码类似,都是返回可迭代对象,调用next()方法

        //返回EntrySet对象
        public Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> entrySet() {
            Set<Map.Entry<K,V>> es;
            return (es = entrySet) == null ? (entrySet = new EntrySet()) : es;
        }
        
    //EntrySet继承AbstractSet
    final class EntrySet extends AbstractSet<Map.Entry<K,V>> { public final int size() { return size; } public final void clear() { HashMap.this.clear(); } public final Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() { return new EntryIterator(); } public final boolean contains(Object o) { if (!(o instanceof Map.Entry)) return false; Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o; Object key = e.getKey(); Node<K,V> candidate = getNode(hash(key), key); return candidate != null && candidate.equals(e); } public final boolean remove(Object o) { if (o instanceof Map.Entry) { Map.Entry<?,?> e = (Map.Entry<?,?>) o; Object key = e.getKey(); Object value = e.getValue(); return removeNode(hash(key), key, value, true, true) != null; } return false; } public final Spliterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> spliterator() { return new EntrySpliterator<>(HashMap.this, 0, -1, 0, 0); } public final void forEach(Consumer<? super Map.Entry<K,V>> action) { Node<K,V>[] tab; if (action == null) throw new NullPointerException(); if (size > 0 && (tab = table) != null) { int mc = modCount; for (Node<K,V> e : tab) { for (; e != null; e = e.next) action.accept(e); } if (modCount != mc) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); } } }

      entrySet()作用是遍历HashMap中的元素

        //返回一个新的entry迭代器
        public final Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> iterator() {
                return new EntryIterator();
            }
    
        //这个迭代器继承HashIterator,实现Iterator接口
        final class EntryIterator extends HashIterator
            implements Iterator<Map.Entry<K,V>> {
            public final Map.Entry<K,V> next() { return nextNode(); }
        }
    
        abstract class HashIterator {
            Node<K,V> next;        // next entry to return
            Node<K,V> current;     // current entry
            int expectedModCount;  // for fast-fail
            int index;             // current slot
    
            HashIterator() {
                expectedModCount = modCount;
                Node<K,V>[] t = table;
                current = next = null;
                index = 0;
                if (t != null && size > 0) { // advance to first entry
                    do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
                }
            }
    
            public final boolean hasNext() {
                return next != null;
            }
        //获取下一个元素
            final Node<K,V> nextNode() {
                Node<K,V>[] t;
                Node<K,V> e = next;
                if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                if (e == null)
                    throw new NoSuchElementException();
                if ((next = (current = e).next) == null && (t = table) != null) {
                    do {} while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null);
                }
                return e;
            }
    
            public final void remove() {
                Node<K,V> p = current;
                if (p == null)
                    throw new IllegalStateException();
                if (modCount != expectedModCount)
                    throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
                current = null;
                removeNode(p.hash, p.key, null, false, false);
                expectedModCount = modCount;
            }
        }

      通过entrySet() 获取到Iterator的next()方法去遍历HashMap时,实际上是调用nextNode()来遍历整个Node节点。

      

      get()

        public V get(Object key) {
            Node<K,V> e;
            return (e = getNode(hash(key), key)) == null ? null : e.value;
        }
    
        final Node<K,V> getNode(int hash, Object key) {
            Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> first, e; int n; K k;
            if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
                (first = tab[(n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
                if (first.hash == hash && // always check first node
                    ((k = first.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    return first;
                if ((e = first.next) != null) {
                    if (first instanceof TreeNode)
                        return ((TreeNode<K,V>)first).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                    do {
                        if (e.hash == hash &&
                            ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                            return e;
                    } while ((e = e.next) != null);
                }
            }
            return null;
        }    

      get() 方法的作用是返回HashMap中对应的元素value,和containsKey()方法类型都是调用getNode()方法遍历整个Node

      put()

        public V put(K key, V value) {
            return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
        }
    
        final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                       boolean evict) {
            Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        //table如果为空,重新resize()扩容
    if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0) n = (tab = resize()).length;
        //根据键值key计算hash值,得到要插入位置的数组索引i,如果要插入位置为空,则直接插入
    if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null) tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null); else { Node<K,V> e; K k;
        //如果key相等,直接覆盖插入
    if (p.hash == hash && ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) e = p;
        //table[i]是treeNode,红黑树直接插入
    else if (p instanceof TreeNode) e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
        //遍历链表
    else { for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) { if ((e = p.next) == null) { p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        //链表长度大于8,转换为红黑树直接插入
    if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st treeifyBin(tab, hash); break; }
        //链表插入,若key相等直接覆盖value
    if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) break; p = e; } }
            
    if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key V oldValue = e.value; if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null) e.value = value; afterNodeAccess(e); return oldValue; } } ++modCount;
        //超过阈值重新计算大小
    if (++size > threshold) resize(); afterNodeInsertion(evict); return null; }

      put() 作用是向HashMap中添加元素,如果对应的key已经存在HashMap中,则找到该键值对,用新的value覆盖旧的value,返回旧的;如果要添加的键值对key在HashMap中不存在,则添加到对应链表中。

      java1.8后引入红黑树,当链表长度大于8时,链表就转换为红黑树,利用红黑树快速增删改查的特点提高HashMap的性能。

       附引用流程图:

      remove()

        public V remove(Object key) {
            Node<K,V> e;
            return (e = removeNode(hash(key), key, null, false, true)) == null ?
                null : e.value;
        }
    
        final Node<K,V> removeNode(int hash, Object key, Object value,
                                   boolean matchValue, boolean movable) {
            Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, index;
            if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
                (p = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {
                Node<K,V> node = null, e; K k; V v;
                if (p.hash == hash &&
                    ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                    node = p;
                else if ((e = p.next) != null) {
                    if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                        node = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).getTreeNode(hash, key);
                    else {
                        do {
                            if (e.hash == hash &&
                                ((k = e.key) == key ||
                                 (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
                                node = e;
                                break;
                            }
                            p = e;
                        } while ((e = e.next) != null);
                    }
                }
                if (node != null && (!matchValue || (v = node.value) == value ||
                                     (value != null && value.equals(v)))) {
                    if (node instanceof TreeNode)
                        ((TreeNode<K,V>)node).removeTreeNode(this, tab, movable);
                    else if (node == p)
                        tab[index] = node.next;
                    else
                        p.next = node.next;
                    ++modCount;
                    --size;
                    afterNodeRemoval(node);
                    return node;
                }
            }
            return null;
        }

      remove() 的作用是删除“键位key”的元素

    4. HashMap的遍历

      HashMap一般有两种遍历方式:

      (1)通过keySet()获取所有的key值,然后遍历key,获取value;

      (2)通过entrySet() 方法转换为一个Set集合,集合中保存元素类型是Map.Entry;

    public class MapTest02 {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
            map.put(1,"zhang");
            map.put(2,"wang");
            map.put(3,"he");
            map.put(3,"le");
            //keySet()
            Set<Integer> s = map.keySet();
            //1. 通过遍历集合中的key获取value
            Iterator<Integer> it = s.iterator();
            while (it.hasNext()){
                Integer key = it.next();
                String value = map.get(key);
                System.out.println(key +" = "+ value);
            }
            //2 . 通过增强for循环遍历
            for(Integer i : s){
                System.out.println(i + "=" + map.get(i));
            }
            //entrySet()
            //1. 迭代器
            Set<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> set = map.entrySet();
            Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> it1= set.iterator();
            while (it1.hasNext()){
                Map.Entry<Integer, String> m= it1.next();
                Integer key = m.getKey();
                String value = m.getValue();
                System.out.println(key + "-->" +value);
            }
    
            //2. 增强循环
            for(Map.Entry<Integer, String> mm : set){
                System.out.println(mm.getKey() + "---->" + mm.getValue());
            }
        }
    }

    5. HashMap的示例

      HashMap中常用方法

    public class MapTest01 {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();
    
            map.put(1,"zhang");
            map.put(1,"AA");
            map.put(2,"BB");
            map.put(3,"CC");
            map.put(4,"DD");
    
            //map.clear();
    
            String value = map.get(1);
            System.out.println(value);
    
            System.out.println("map集合的数量:"+map.size());   //4
    
            map.remove(2);
    
            System.out.println("map集合的数量:"+map.size());   //3
    
            System.out.println(map.containsKey(1));   //true
            System.out.println(map.containsKey(2));   //false
    
            System.out.println(map.containsValue("zhang"));  //true
            System.out.println(map.containsValue("hel"));   //false
    
            Collection<String> c = map.values();
            //foreach
            for(String s : c){
                System.out.println(s);
            }
    
            Map<String,String> map2 = new HashMap<>();
            map2.put("AAA","BBB");
            map2.put("CCC","DDD");
            map2.put("EEE","FFF");
            System.out.println(map2.size());
            System.out.println(map2.get("AAA"));
            map2.put("EEE","GGG");
            System.out.println(map2.get("EEE"));
        }
    }

    6. HashMap重写equals()和hashCode()

      当HashMap中需要添加的key的类型为自定义类型时,需要重写equals()和hashCode()方法。当key中的变量值(equals计算)和经过计算后的hash值都相等的情况下才可以判断key相等,此时put元素会直接覆盖之前元素,否则会添加元素。

    public class HashMapTest {
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Student s1 = new Student(1,"AA");
            Student s2 = new Student(1,"AA");
            System.out.println(s1.hashCode());
            System.out.println(s2.hashCode());
            System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));
            HashMap hashmap = new HashMap();
            hashmap.put(s1,1);
            hashmap.put(s2,2);
            System.out.println(hashmap.get(s1));    //2
            System.out.println(hashmap.get(s2));    //2
            System.out.println(hashmap.size());     //1
        }
    }
    
    class Student{
        private int id;
        private String name;
    
        public Student(int id, String name){
            this.id = id;
            this.name = name;
        }
    
        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            if (this == o) return true;
            if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;
            Student student = (Student) o;
            return id == student.id &&
                    Objects.equals(name, student.name);
        }
    
        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
            return Objects.hash(id, name);
        }
    }

      当重写equals()和hashCode()方法后,put()元素会直接覆盖之前的元素,输出都是2;取消其中任意一个重写的方法,都会继续添加元素。

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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/homle/p/14969236.html
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