SPOJ:OR(位运算&数学期望)

Given an array of N integers A₁, A₂, A₃…A_N. If you randomly choose two indexes i ,j such that 1 ≤ i < j ≤ N, what is the expected value of A_i | A_j?

Input

First line contains an integer T, the number of test cases. Each test case consists of two lines. First line denotes the size of array, N and second line contains N integers forming the array.
1 ≤ T ≤ 10 
2 ≤ N ≤ 100,000 
0 ≤ Ai < 2³¹

Output

For each test case, print the answer as an irreducible fraction. Follow the format of the sample output. 
The fraction p/q (p and q are integers, and both p ≥ 0 and q > 0 holds) is called irreducible, if there is no such integer d > 1 that divides both p and q separately.

Example

Input:
2
2
0 0
3
1 2 3

Output:
0/1
3/1

题意：给定一个数列a[]，求任意两个数a[i]和a[j]的或运算的期望（i!=j）。

思路：此类题已经是套路了，就是每一位分别看，统计为一位为1和为0的个数。然后根据XOR，或者OR的性质采取相应的措施。

           OR的话，就是第i位的贡献是：(C(n,2)-C(num[i],2))/C(n,2)*(1<<i) 。num[i]是第i位为0的个数。

(注意，用unsigned long long)

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstdlib>
#include<cstring>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#define ll unsigned long long
using namespace std;
ll F,P,G,num[33],N,a,b,c,i,j;
int main()
{
    int T,x; scanf("%d",&T);
    while(T--){
        scanf("%lld",&N);
        F=0; P=(N-1)*N/2;
        c=N*(N-1)/2;
        for(i=0;i<31;i++) num[i]=0;
        for(i=1;i<=N;i++){
            scanf("%d",&x);
            for(j=0;j<31;j++) if(x&(1<<j)) num[j]++;
        }
        for(i=0;i<31;i++){
            F+=(P-(N-num[i])*(N-num[i]-1)/2)*(1LL<<i);
        }
        G=__gcd(F,P);
        F/=G; P/=G;
        printf("%lld/%lld
",F,P);
    }
    return 0;
}