urllib，request 设置代理

 通常防止爬虫被反主要有以下几个策略：

1.动态设置User-Agent（随机切换User-Agent，模拟不同用户的浏览器信息）

2.使用IP地址池：VPN和代理IP，现在大部分网站都是根据IP来ban的。

3.禁用Cookies（也就是不启用cookies middleware，不向Server发送cookies，有些网站通过cookie的使用发现爬虫行为）

4.可以通过COOKIES_ENABLED 控制 CookiesMiddleware 开启或关闭

5.设置延迟下载（防止访问过于频繁，设置为 2秒 或更高）要明白爬虫重要的是拿到数据。

6.Google Cache 和 Baidu Cache：如果可能的话，使用谷歌/百度等搜索引擎服务器页面缓存获取页面数据。

7.使用 Crawlera（专用于爬虫的代理组件），正确配置和设置下载中间件后，项目所有的request都是通过crawlera发出。

反爬第一招，动态设置User-Agent:

怎么动态设置？其实就是事先准备一堆User-Agent.每次发送请求时就从中间随机选取一个。有些网站反爬检查user-agent的话就可以骗过去了。

 采用 random随机模块的choice方法随机选择User-Agent，这样每次请求都会从中选择，请求很频繁的话就多找几个user-agent。

def load_page(url, form_data):
    USER_AGENTS = [
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5"
    ]

    user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)
    
    headers = {
        'User-Agent':user_agent
    }

　　

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-
import urllib2
import urllib
import json
import random


def parser(args):
    data = json.load(args)
    print data['translateResult'][0][0]['tgt']

def load_page(url, form_data):
    USER_AGENTS = [
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
        "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
        "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5"
    ]

    user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)
    print user_agent
    headers = {
        'User-Agent':user_agent
    }


    form_data = urllib.urlencode(form_data)
    request = urllib2.Request(url, data=form_data, headers=headers)
    request.add_header('Referer','http://fanyi.youdao.com/')
    request.add_header('Connection','keep-alive')
    request.add_header('Host','fanyi.youdao.com')
    request.add_header('Host','fanyi.youdao.com')
    request.add_header('Cookie','OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID_NCOO=1025239439.503166; _ga=GA1.2.1461890182.1495089101; OUTFOX_SEARCH_USER_ID=-1839555294@113.116.87.174; JSESSIONID=aaa5jeP7FUzLkcsJTGU6v; ___rl__test__cookies=1506169229935')
    result = urllib2.urlopen(request)
    return result


def translate(words):
    form_data = {'i':words,
                'from':'AUTO',
                'to':'AUTO',
                'smartresult':'dict',
                'client':'fanyideskweb',
                'salt':'1506168095300',
                'sign':'2755425d7a2f9ebd79a8fdd94d1a3af0',
                'doctype':'json',
                'version':'2.1',
                'keyfrom':'fanyi.web',
                'action':'FY_BY_REALTIME',
                'typoResult':'true'}

    base_url = 'http://fanyi.youdao.com/translate?smartresult=dict&smartresult=rule'

    result = load_page(base_url, form_data)
    parser(result)


def main():
    while True:
        kw = raw_input('请输入需要翻译的单词：')
        translate(kw)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

实例代码有道翻译：

反爬第二招,使用代理IP，这是爬虫/反爬虫的第二大招，通常也是最好用的。

很多网站会检测某一段时间某个IP的访问次数(通过流量统计，系统日志等)，如果访问次数多的不像正常人，它会禁止这个IP的访问。

所以我们可以设置一些代理服务器，每隔一段时间换一个代理，就算IP被禁止，依然可以换个IP继续爬取。

urllib2中通过ProxyHandler来设置使用代理服务器

ProxyHandler处理器（代理设置）： 这样就设置了一个无需认证的代理

import urllib2
#设置一个代理hander
httpproxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"})

opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpproxy_handler)

request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com/")

response = opener.open(request)

print response.read()

如果代理IP足够多，就可以随机选择一个代理去访问网站。

import urllib2
import random

proxy_list = [
    {"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
    {"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
    {"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
    {"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"},
    {"http" : "124.88.67.81:80"}
]

# 随机选择一个代理
proxy = random.choice(proxy_list)
# 使用选择的代理构建代理处理器对象
httpproxy_handler = urllib2.ProxyHandler(proxy)

opener = urllib2.build_opener(httpproxy_handler)

request = urllib2.Request("http://www.baidu.com/")
response = opener.open(request)
print response.read()

( ProxyHandler  代理授权验证)

上面都是一些免费代理写法，下面这个是付费代理写法：

proxy = urllib2.ProxyHandler({"http":"账号:密码@143.226.164.130:16816"})　

opener = urllib2.build_opener(proxy)

repsonse = opener.open(url)

print repsonse.read()

　　

 requset 模块设置代理方法：

 request 模块比较简单。

普通代理

import requests

# 根据协议类型，选择不同的代理
proxies = {
  "http": "http://12.34.56.79:9527",
  "https": "http://12.34.56.79:9527",
}

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies = proxies)
print response.text

私密代理

import requests

# 如果代理需要使用HTTP Basic Auth，可以使用下面这种格式：
proxy = { "http": "账号:密码@61.158.163.130:16816" }

response = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies = proxy)

print response.text
 

没钱买代理？免费代理来搞定（便宜没好货，这个是真理），免费代理不稳定，速度慢，要是公司用老兄赶紧让你老板买代理去（没有金刚钻，怎么揽瓷器活），

好吧，要是个人玩玩的自己 去爬点免费代理来用用。你老哥我用scrapy写来了个爬取快代理的ip。如果你懒得写的话，copy将就着用吧。里面的代理应该用不了，自己去找几个替换了玩玩！爬下来的数据存在了 data/kdl.json 

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

import scrapy


class KdlspiderItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    # name = scrapy.Field()
    ip = scrapy.Field()
    port = scrapy.Field()
    type = scrapy.Field()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
import json

class KdlspiderPipeline(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.filename = open('kdl.json','w')

    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        self.filename.write(json.dumps(dict(item))+",
")
        return item

    def spider_close(self):
        self.filename.close()

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from kdlSpider.items import KdlspiderItem


class KdlSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name = "kdl"
    allowed_domains = ["kuaidaili.com"]
    base_url = 'http://www.kuaidaili.com/free/inha/'
    offset = 1
    start_urls = [base_url+str(offset)+"/"]

    def parse(self, response):
        ip_list = response.xpath('//tr/td[@data-title="IP"]/text()')
        port_list = response.xpath('//tr/td[@data-title="PORT"]/text()')
        type_list = response.xpath(u'//tr/td[@data-title="类型"]/text()')
        for ip,port,type in zip(ip_list,port_list,type_list):
            item = KdlspiderItem()
            item['ip'] = ip.extract()
            item['port'] = port.extract()
            item['type'] = type.extract()
            yield item
        self.offset += 1
        if self.offset < 1864:
            yield scrapy.Request(self.base_url+str(self.offset),callback=self.parse)

# -*- coding=utf-8 -*-

import random
from myproxy import PROXY
import base64
from settings import USER_AGENTS

class RandomUserAgentMiddleware(object):

    def process_request(self,request,spider):
        user_agent = random.choice(USER_AGENTS)
        request.headers.setdefault('User-Agent', user_agent)


class ProxyMiddleware(object):

    def process_request(self,request,spider):
        # 　免认证代理
        random_proxy = random.choice(PROXY)
        request.meta['proxy']='http://'+random_proxy['ip_port']



        # 需要认证代理写法
        # proxy = "116.62.128.50:16816"
        # request.meta["proxy"] = "http://" + proxy
        # proxy_user_passwd = "代理账号:代理密码"
        # base64_user_passwd = base64.b64encode(proxy_user_passwd)
        # request.headers["Proxy-Authorization"] = "Basic " + base64_user_passwd

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Scrapy settings for kdlSpider project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = 'kdlSpider'

SPIDER_MODULES = ['kdlSpider.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'kdlSpider.spiders'

USER_AGENTS = [
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; Media Center PC 6.0)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/4.0; WOW64; Trident/4.0; SLCC2; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; .NET CLR 3.5.30729; .NET CLR 3.0.30729; .NET CLR 1.0.3705; .NET CLR 1.1.4322)",
    "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0b; Windows NT 5.2; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727; InfoPath.2; .NET CLR 3.0.04506.30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN) AppleWebKit/523.15 (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.3 (Change: 287 c9dfb30)",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; U; Linux; en-US) AppleWebKit/527+ (KHTML, like Gecko, Safari/419.3) Arora/0.6",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.2pre) Gecko/20070215 K-Ninja/2.1.1",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; zh-CN; rv:1.9) Gecko/20080705 Firefox/3.0 Kapiko/3.0",
    "Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux i686; U;) Gecko/20070322 Kazehakase/0.4.5",
       "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.104 Safari/537.36",
       "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/55.0.2883.87 Safari/537.36 QIHU 360SE",
       "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko"
    ]

# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'kdlSpider (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'

# Obey robots.txt rules
# ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = True

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
# DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 5
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
    'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
    'Accept-Language': 'en',
    'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.104 Safari/537.36',
    'Host':'www.kuaidaili.com',
}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    'kdlSpider.middlewares.MyCustomSpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
   'kdlSpider.middlewares.RandomUserAgentMiddleware': 543,
    'kdlSpider.middlewares.ProxyMiddleware':250,
}

# Enable or disable extensions
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   'kdlSpider.pipelines.KdlspiderPipeline': 300,
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See http://scrapy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'