[skill][git] git 常用操作记录

傻瓜入门： step by step : https://try.github.io/levels/1/challenges/1

一本书： https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2

竟然有中文版 O.O: https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/

git实在是太复杂了，学呀学呀学不懂。只能一点点记下来，省得每次想好久。。。。

0. 新环境里的第一次配置：

[root@D128 Src]# git config --global user.name "Cao Tong"
[root@D128 Src]# git config --global user.email "tong.caotong@gmail.com"

0.1  generate ssh key

[root@D128 Src]# ssh-keygen 

0.2  add your pub key to your ssh repo server, like github

0.3  下载代码

[root@D128 Src]# git clone git@github.com:intel/hyperscan.git

1. 丢弃所有修改

　　两个命令一起用。

/home/tong/Src/copyleft/libdssl [git::master *] [tong@T7] [13:53]
> sudo git clean -xdf
/home/tong/Src/copyleft/libdssl [git::master *] [tong@T7] [13:47]
> git reset --hard

2.  删除一个本地分支：

　　git branch -d <branch-name>

/home/tong/Src/thirdparty/github/msgpack-c [git::master] [tong@T7] [11:07]
> git branch -l
  list
* master

/home/tong/Src/thirdparty/github/msgpack-c [git::master] [tong@T7] [11:08]
> git branch -d list
Deleted branch list (was c50fbe4c).

/home/tong/Src/thirdparty/github/msgpack-c [git::master] [tong@T7] [11:08]
> git branch -l     
* master

3.  创建git server

　　在CentOS 7 环境下：

　　参考： https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84-Git-%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE

　　3.1  安装：

[root@S205 log]# yum install git

　　3.2  初始化仓库

[root@S205 log]# su - git
Last login: Mon Jun 19 20:04:06 CST 2017 on pts/0
[git@S205 ~]$ mkdir anthropoid.git
[git@S205 ~]$ cd anthropoid.git/
[git@S205 anthropoid.git]$ git init --bare
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/git/anthropoid.git/
[git@S205 anthropoid.git]$ ll
total 12
drwxrwxr-x 2 git git   6 Jun 19 20:05 branches
-rw-rw-r-- 1 git git  66 Jun 19 20:05 config
-rw-rw-r-- 1 git git  73 Jun 19 20:05 description
-rw-rw-r-- 1 git git  23 Jun 19 20:05 HEAD
drwxrwxr-x 2 git git 242 Jun 19 20:05 hooks
drwxrwxr-x 2 git git  21 Jun 19 20:05 info
drwxrwxr-x 4 git git  30 Jun 19 20:05 objects
drwxrwxr-x 4 git git  31 Jun 19 20:05 refs

　　3.3  增加公钥，授予权限

　　3.4  设置git shell

[root@S205 ~]# which git-shell >> /etc/shells
[root@S205 ~]# cat /etc/shells 
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh
/usr/bin/git-shell
[root@S205 ~]# chsh git
Changing shell for git.
New shell [/bin/bash]: /usr/bin/git-shell
Shell changed.
[root@S205 ~]# su - git
Last login: Mon Jun 19 20:35:34 CST 2017 from 192.168.50.20 on pts/1
fatal: Interactive git shell is not enabled.
hint: ~/git-shell-commands should exist and have read and execute access.
[root@S205 ~]# 

　　3.5  在原项目里创建新分支

/home/tong/Src/copyleft/potatos [git::master *] [tong@T7] [20:15]
> git branch anthropoid

/home/tong/Src/copyleft/potatos [git::master *] [tong@T7] [20:15]
> git branch          
  anthropoid
  hally
* master

/home/tong/Src/copyleft/potatos [git::master *] [tong@T7] [20:15]
> git checkout anthropoid
Switched to branch 'anthropoid'

/home/tong/Src/copyleft/potatos [git::anthropoid *] [tong@T7] [20:15]

　　 3.6  push第一个版本

/home/tong/Src/copyleft/potatos [git::master *] [tong@T7] [20:56]
> git push origin anthropoid:master          
X11 forwarding request failed on channel 0
Counting objects: 139, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (135/135), done.
Writing objects: 100% (139/139), 34.86 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 139 (delta 69), reused 0 (delta 0)
To s205:/home/git/anthropoid.git
 * [new branch]      anthropoid -> master

　　 3.7  从新仓库clone

/home/tong/Src/copyright/onescorpion [tong@T7] [20:58]
> git clone git@s205:/home/git/anthropoid.git
Cloning into 'anthropoid'...
X11 forwarding request failed on channel 0
remote: Counting objects: 139, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (66/66), done.
remote: Total 139 (delta 69), reused 139 (delta 69)
Receiving objects: 100% (139/139), 34.86 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (69/69), done.

4.  使本地仓库的仓库内容与某标签一致。

检出标签
在 Git 中你并不能真的检出一个标签，因为它们并不能像分支一样来回移动。 如果你想要工作目录与仓库中特定的标签版本完全一样，
可以使用 git checkout -b [branchname] [tagname] 在特定的标签上创建一个新分支：

$ git checkout -b version2 v2.0.0
Switched to a new branch 'version2'
当然，如果在这之后又进行了一次提交，version2 分支会因为改动向前移动了，那么 version2 分支就会和 v2.0.0 标签稍微有些不同，这时就应该当心了。

参考： https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/Git-%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80-%E6%89%93%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE

5.  让文件恢复到上一次提交时的样子

git checkout -- [file] 

6.  查看/获取远程分支

> git branch -a
> git checkout -b frame_feature origin/frame_feature

 7.   export 导出

https://git-scm.com/docs/git-archive

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/160608/do-a-git-export-like-svn-export

好像是不行的。有人说用rsync：

rsync -a ./FROM/ ./TO --exclude='.*'

/home/tong/Src/thirdparty/pktgen-dpdk [git::pktgen-3.3.3] [tong@T7] [18:21]
> git archive --format=tar.gz -o pktgen-3.3.3.tar.gz HEAD

8.  git add 空文件夹

　　git add 不能添加空文件夹。没有这个功能。 一般是在空文件夹下面放一个文件 .gitkeep

https://git.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/GitFaq#Can_I_add_empty_directories.3F

９.  git 重命名仓库

　　９.1  

[root@S205 git]# mv anthropoid.git/ crisp.git

　　9.2

/home/tong/Src/copyright/onescorpion [tong@T7] [14:23]
> mv anthropoid crisp 

　　9.3

/home/tong/Src/copyright/onescorpion/crisp [git::develop *] [tong@T7] [14:23]
> git remote -v 
origin  git@s205:/home/git/anthropoid.git (fetch)
origin  git@s205:/home/git/anthropoid.git (push)

/home/tong/Src/copyright/onescorpion/crisp [git::develop *] [tong@T7] [14:23]
> git remote set-url origin git@s205:/home/git/crisp.git     

/home/tong/Src/copyright/onescorpion/crisp [git::develop *] [tong@T7] [14:29]
> git remote -v                                         
origin  git@s205:/home/git/crisp.git (fetch)
origin  git@s205:/home/git/crisp.git (push)

/home/tong/Src/copyright/onescorpion/crisp [git::develop *] [tong@T7] [14:29]
> 

 10. 分支合并指定文件 / 从其他分支提取指定文件

git checkout source_branch <paths>...

http://ryanhoo.github.io/blog/2014/07/11/checkout-files-from-another-branch/

http://jasonrudolph.com/blog/2009/02/25/git-tip-how-to-merge-specific-files-from-another-branch/

无历史信息!

11.  clone时,指定具体的tag.

git clone --branch v1.6 git@github.com:hyperrealm/libconfig.git libconfig-v1.6

glibc下载代码的指引, 不知道是不是相同的需求:

git clone git://sourceware.org/git/glibc.git
cd glibc
git checkout --track -b local_glibc-2.26 origin/release/2.26/master

https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/sources.html

 12. 重写最近一次提交的日志

[11:36:53] tong@T7 /home/tong/Src/copyright/ (129) 
> git commit --amend 

13. git archive 的用法

https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-archive.html 

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5995301/how-do-i-pipe-a-git-clone-to-archive-tar-or-gzip

git archive --format=tar --remote=git@server:repo.git master | tar -xf -

git archive --format=tar.gz -o pktgen-3.3.3.tar.gz HEAD

 14 git checkout 到指定版本

┬─[tong@T7:~/Src/]─[04:40:14 PM]
╰─>$ git checkout --detach 0e4dcf6cd69c2b9ca37bafd1a43dfede0f17542f
HEAD is now at 0e4dcf6... fix bug: msgpack soa dns rr
┬─[tong@T7:~/Src/]─[04:40:31 PM]
╰─>$ git branch
* (HEAD detached at 0e4dcf6)
  master
┬─[tong@T7:~/Src/]─[04:40:40 PM]
╰─>$ 

15 git 从指定版本退回

┬─[tong@T7:~/Src/copyright/strongswan]─[05:46:41 PM] 
╰─>$ git revert 4e77d9939af9ac6f06b95516399ed302d0df10fe
┬─[tong@T7:~/Src/copyright/strongswan]─[05:46:41 PM] 
╰─>$ git push

16 提交之后有一些内容忘记了提交

例如，你提交后发现忘记了暂存某些需要的修改，可以像下面这样操作：

$ git commit -m 'initial commit'
$ git add forgotten_file
$ git commit --amend
最终你只会有一个提交 - 第二次提交将代替第一次提交的结果。

17 临时分支到某个tag

root@D128 ~/S/t/pktgen-dpdk.git# git checkout --detach pktgen-3.5.0
HEAD is now at 46f697c... fix typo
root@D128 ~/S/t/pktgen-dpdk.git# git branch
* (detached from pktgen-3.5.0)
  master

 18 清理工作目录

# git clean -fd

 19  取出某个commit 作为patch，并patch到当前代码里

root@D128 ~/S/c/j/j# git format-patch -1 9ca41ea4a56bfcab0fb6fcb6eea5ecb0a9e5103e
0001-nlb_sched.patch
root@D128 ~/S/c/j/j# git am 0001-nlb_sched.patch 
Applying: nlb_sched: 1. unbind scheduler while service is really freeing. 2. support release_later feature for 'scheduler data'.

 am会增加commit log。只接受修改可使用apply

root@D128 ~/S/c/j/j# git apply 0001-nlb_sched.patch

20  查看git目录下的全部不在仓库里的数据

git status --ignored -u

      清除他们

git clean -x -f -d

21 push用法

$ git pull <远程主机名> <远程分支名>:<本地分支名>

$ git pull origin next:master

22 删除远端分支

  $ git push  <远程主机名> :<本地分支名>

git push origin :test_branch