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  • Flask之model以及缓存

    Flask默认并没有提供任何数据库操作的API。

    Flask中可以自己的选择数据,用原生语句实现功能,也可以选择ORM(SQLAlchemy,MongoEngine)
    原生SQL缺点
    代码利用率低,条件复杂代码语句越长,有很多相似语句
    一些SQL是在业务逻辑中拼出来的,修改需要了解业务逻辑
    直接写SQL容易忽视SQL问题。

    一、orm

    将对对象的操作转换为原生SQL

    1、优点

    易用性,可以有效减少重复SQL,性能损耗少设计灵活,可以轻松实现复杂查询,移植性好

     Python中的orm是SQLAlchemy

    针对于Flask的支持

    pip install flask-sqlalchemy

    2、连接数据库

    dialect+driver://username:password@host:port/database

    dialect数据库实现

    driver数据库的驱动

    username

    password

    host

    port

    database

    连接数据库需要指定配置

    app.config[‘SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI’] = DB_URI
    app.config[‘SQLALCHEMY_TRAKE_MODIFICATIONS’]=False

    3、创建模型

    class User(db.Model):
        __tablename__ = "UserModel"   # 指定表名,默认是类名
    
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    
        u_name = db.Column(db.String(16), unique=True)
    
        u_des = db.Column(db.String(128), nullable=True)

    (1)、字段类型

    Integer            
    SmallInteger        
    BigInteger        
    Float
    Numeric
    String
    Text
    Unicode
    Unicode Text
    Boolean
    Date
    Time
    DateTime
    Interval
    LargeBinary

    (2)、常见约束

    primary_key
    autoincrement
    unique
    index
    nullable
    default
    ForeignKey()

    (3)、数据操作

    db.create_all()   创建数据库

    db.drop_all()    删除数据库

    ①、数据插入

    数据插入是在事务中处理

    db.session.add(object)
    db.session.add_all(list[object])
    db.session.commit()
    @api.route('/adduser/')
    def adduser():
        users = []
        for i in range(5):
            user = User()
            user.u_name = "小花%d" % random.randrange(10000)
            users.append(user)
        db.session.add_all(users)
        db.session.commit()
        return 'Add success'
    ②、数据删除
    db.session.delete(object)
    db.session.commit()

    修改和删除基于查询。

    (4)、模型继承

    默认继承并不会报错,它会将多个模型的数据映射到一张表中,导致数据混乱,不能满足基本使用
    抽象的模型是不会在数据库中产生映射的

    class Animal(db.Model):
        __abstract__ = True
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        a_name = db.Column(db.String(16))
    
    
    class Dog(Animal):
        d_legs = db.Column(db.Integer, default=4)
    
    
    class Cat(Animal):
    
        c_eat = db.Column(db.String(32), default='fish')

    (5)、模型迁移

    python manager.py db init   #初次迁移,生成migration包
    python manager.py db migrate   # 创建迁移
    python manager.py db upgrade   # 更新

    (6)、数据查询

    ①、查询单个对象

    first

    get

    get_or_404

    @api.route('/getuser/<int:id>/')
    def get_user(id):
        user = User.query.get(id)
        print(user)
        return 'GET success'
    ②、查询结果集
    all:比较特殊,返回列表
    @api.route('/getusers/')
    def get_users():
        users = User.query.all()
        for user in users:
            print(user.u_name)
        return 'get success'
    filter:BaseQuery对象

    运算符:

      contains
      startswith
      endswith
      in_
      like
      __gt__
      __ge__
      __lt__
      __le__

    条件:

    - 类名.属性名.魔术方法(临界值)

    @api.route('/getdog/')
    def getdog():
        dogs = Dog.query.filter(Dog.id.__le__(5))
        for dog in dogs:
            print(dog.id, dog.a_name)
        return 'GET SUCCESS'

    - 类名.属性名 操作符运算符 临界值

    @api.route('/getdog/')
    def getdog():
        dogs = Dog.query.filter(Dog.id > 5)
        for dog in dogs:
            print(dog.id, dog.a_name)
        return 'GET SUCCESS'
    @api.route('/getdog/')
    def getdog():
        dogs = Dog.query.filter(Dog.a_name.contains("2"))
        for dog in dogs:
            print(dog.id, dog.a_name)
        return 'GET SUCCESS'
    offset和limit不区分顺序,都是先执行offset
    @api.route('/getdog/')
    def getdog():
        dogs = Dog.query.offset(5).limit(4)
        for dog in dogs:
            print(dog.id, dog.a_name)
        return 'GET SUCCESS'

    - order_by 调用必须在 offset和limit 之前

    使用offset以及limit实现分页
    @api.route('/getdogs/')
    def get_dogs():
        page = request.args.get("page", 1, type=int)
        per_page = request.args.get('per_page', 4, type=int)
        dogs = Dog.query.offset(per_page * (page - 1)).limit(per_page)
        return render_template('Dogs.html', dogs=dogs)

    paginate实现分页
    @api.route('/getdogs/')
    def get_dogs_with_page():
        # dogs = Dog.query.paginate().items
        pagination = Dog.query.paginate()
        per_page = request.args.get('per_page', 4, type=int)
        return render_template('Dogs.html', pagination=pagination, per_page=per_page)
    <div class=pagination>
        {% for page in pagination.iter_pages(left_edge=5,left_current=5,right_current=5,right_edge=5) %}
            {% if page %}
                {% if page != pagination.page %}
                    <a href="{{ url_for('api.get_dogs_with_page') }}?page={{ page }}&per_page={{ per_page }}">{{ page }}</a>
                {% else %}
                    <strong>{{ page }}</strong>
                {% endif %}
            {% else %}
                <span class=ellipsis>…</span>
            {% endif %}
        {% endfor %}
    </div>

    filter_by

    用在级联数据上,条件语法精准,字段  =  值

    @blue.route('/getcatsfilterby/')
    def get_cats_filter_by():
    
        cats = Cat.query.filter_by(id = 5)
    
        return render_template('Cats.html', cats=cats)

    (7)级联数据

    class Customer(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        c_name = db.Column(db.String(16))
        addresses = db.relationship('Address', backref='customer', lazy=True)
    
    
    class Address(db.Model):
        id = db.Column(db.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
        a_position = db.Column(db.String(128))
        a_customer_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey(Customer.id))

     ①添加数据
    @api.route('/getcustomer/')
    def get():
        customer = Customer.query.order_by(desc('id')).first()
    
        return str(customer.id)
    
    
    @api.route('/addaddress/')
    def add_address():
        address = Address()
        address.a_position = '秀水街 %s' % random.randrange(10000)
        address.a_customer_id = Customer.query.order_by(desc('id')).first().id    # 注意此处使用id的倒叙,不能直接用‘-id’
    
        db.session.add(address)
        db.session.commit()
        return 'Address Add Success %s' % address.a_position

     ②查询数据
    根据地址找到对应的人
    @api.route('/getcustomer/')
    def get():
        a_id = request.args.get('a_id', type=int)
        address = Address.query.get(a_id)
        customer = Customer.query.get(address.a_customer_id)   #维护关系表中的外键存的是不维护关系表中的主键,
        return customer.c_name

     根据人找到对应的地址
    @api.route('/getaddress/')
    def get_address():
        c_id = request.args.get('c_id')
        customer = Customer.query.get(c_id)
       # addresses = Address.query.filter_by(a_customer_id=customer.id)
       addresses = customer.addresses
        return render_template('address.html', addresses=addresses)
    <ul>
        {% for address in addresses %}
            <li>{{ address.a_position }}</li>
        {% endfor %}
    
    </ul>

     ③逻辑运算

    filter多个条件

    @api.route('/getaddress/')
    def get_address():
        addresses = Address.query.filter(Address.a_customer_id.__eq__(1)).filter(Address.a_position.endswith('4'))
    
        return render_template('address.html', addresses=addresses)

    与  and   

    filter(and_(条件),条件…)

    @api.route('/getaddress/')
    def get_address():
        addresses = Address.query.filter(and_(Address.a_customer_id.__eq__(1),Address.a_position.endswith('4')))
    
        return render_template('address.html', addresses=addresses)

    Django中可以将字段直接写在filter中,无需使用and_


    or_
    filter(or_(条件),条件…)


    not_
    filter(not_(条件),条件…)

    @api.route('/getaddress/')
    def get_address():
        addresses = Address.query.filter(not_(or_(Address.a_customer_id.__eq__(1), Address.a_position.endswith('4'))))
    
        return render_template('address.html', addresses=addresses)

    二、缓存

    pip install Flask-Caching

    在ext.py中进行配置

    from flask_caching import Cache
    from flask_migrate import Migrate
    from flask_session import Session
    from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
    
    db = SQLAlchemy()
    migrate = Migrate()
    cache = Cache(config={
        "CACHE_TYPE": "redis"    # 默认是连接本地,可以设置远程。
    })
    # cache=Cache() # 配置可以写在settings中的Config类中 def init_ext(app): db.init_app(app) migrate.init_app(app, db) Session(app) cache.init_app(app)

    在视图中使用

    @api.route('/getaddress/')
    @cache.cached(timeout=60)
    def get_address():
        addresses = Address.query.filter(not_(or_(Address.a_customer_id.__eq__(1), Address.a_position.endswith('4'))))
        print('数据库中获取')
        return render_template('address.html', addresses=addresses)
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/huiyichanmian/p/12285612.html
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