Linux内核学习--写一个c程序，并在内核中编译，运行

20140506

今天开始学习伟大的开源代表作：Linux内核。之前的工作流于几个简单命令的应用，因着对Android操作系统的情愫，“忍不住”跟随陈利君老师的步伐，开启OS内核之旅。学习路径之一是直接从代码入手，下面来写一个hello.c内核模块。

说明：

这个路径/usr/src/linux-headers-2.6.32-22/include/linux是引用的头文件。

内核模块固定格式：module_init()/ module_exit(),module函数是从头文件中来的。

#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>

//模块许可
MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL");

//模块加载
static int hello_init(void)
{
    printk(KERN_ALERT "Hi I am here
");
    return 0;       
}

//模块卸载
static void hello_exit(void)
{
    printk(KERN_ALERT "Goodbye
");
}

//注册
module_init(hello_init);
module_exit(hello_init);

我们知道，linux对于c语言写的程序，使用glibc库函数，并gcc编译-连接-运行；内核中使用make编译，insmod插入模块到内核中，rmmod卸载模块。make命令默认寻找Makefile文件，本质上也是gcc调用。下面创建Makefile文件。

obj-m +=hello.o

#generate the path
CURRENT_PATH:= $(shell pwd)

#the current kernel version number
LINUX_KERNEL:=$(shell uname -r)

#the absolute path
LINUX_KERNEL_PATH:=usr/src/linux-headers-$(LINUX_KERNEL)

#compile object
all:
        make -C $(LINUX_KERNEL_PATH) M=(CURRENT_PATH) modules

#clean content under current path
clean:
        make -c $(LINUX_KERNEL_PATH) m=(CURRENT_PATH) clean

执行make -> 完成后当前路径出现hello.ko文件 -> insmod hello.ko ->内核结果默认输出到log中，使用dmesg查看，果然有 -> lsmod 命令，发现hello已经成为运行在内核中的一个模块啦 ->rmmod hello 卸载模块 -> dmesg,发现卸载工作留下了log信息->lsmod 找不到hello模块，说明卸载完毕。

接下来学习types.h和list.h两个头文件

types.h

#ifndef _LINUX_TYPES_H
#define _LINUX_TYPES_H

#include <asm/types.h>

#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
#ifdef    __KERNEL__

#define DECLARE_BITMAP(name,bits) 
    unsigned long name[BITS_TO_LONGS(bits)]

#endif

#include <linux/posix_types.h>

#ifdef __KERNEL__

typedef __u32 __kernel_dev_t;

typedef __kernel_fd_set        fd_set;
typedef __kernel_dev_t        dev_t;
typedef __kernel_ino_t        ino_t;
typedef __kernel_mode_t        mode_t;
typedef __kernel_nlink_t    nlink_t;
typedef __kernel_off_t        off_t;
typedef __kernel_pid_t        pid_t;
typedef __kernel_daddr_t    daddr_t;
typedef __kernel_key_t        key_t;
typedef __kernel_suseconds_t    suseconds_t;
typedef __kernel_timer_t    timer_t;
typedef __kernel_clockid_t    clockid_t;
typedef __kernel_mqd_t        mqd_t;

typedef _Bool            bool;

typedef __kernel_uid32_t    uid_t;
typedef __kernel_gid32_t    gid_t;
typedef __kernel_uid16_t        uid16_t;
typedef __kernel_gid16_t        gid16_t;

typedef unsigned long        uintptr_t;

#ifdef CONFIG_UID16
/* This is defined by include/asm-{arch}/posix_types.h */
typedef __kernel_old_uid_t    old_uid_t;
typedef __kernel_old_gid_t    old_gid_t;
#endif /* CONFIG_UID16 */

#if defined(__GNUC__)
typedef __kernel_loff_t        loff_t;
#endif

/*
 * The following typedefs are also protected by individual ifdefs for
 * historical reasons:
 */
#ifndef _SIZE_T
#define _SIZE_T
typedef __kernel_size_t        size_t;
#endif

#ifndef _SSIZE_T
#define _SSIZE_T
typedef __kernel_ssize_t    ssize_t;
#endif

#ifndef _PTRDIFF_T
#define _PTRDIFF_T
typedef __kernel_ptrdiff_t    ptrdiff_t;
#endif

#ifndef _TIME_T
#define _TIME_T
typedef __kernel_time_t        time_t;
#endif

#ifndef _CLOCK_T
#define _CLOCK_T
typedef __kernel_clock_t    clock_t;
#endif

#ifndef _CADDR_T
#define _CADDR_T
typedef __kernel_caddr_t    caddr_t;
#endif

/* bsd */
typedef unsigned char        u_char;
typedef unsigned short        u_short;
typedef unsigned int        u_int;
typedef unsigned long        u_long;

/* sysv */
typedef unsigned char        unchar;
typedef unsigned short        ushort;
typedef unsigned int        uint;
typedef unsigned long        ulong;

#ifndef __BIT_TYPES_DEFINED__
#define __BIT_TYPES_DEFINED__

typedef        __u8        u_int8_t;
typedef        __s8        int8_t;
typedef        __u16        u_int16_t;
typedef        __s16        int16_t;
typedef        __u32        u_int32_t;
typedef        __s32        int32_t;

#endif /* !(__BIT_TYPES_DEFINED__) */

typedef        __u8        uint8_t;
typedef        __u16        uint16_t;
typedef        __u32        uint32_t;

#if defined(__GNUC__)
typedef        __u64        uint64_t;
typedef        __u64        u_int64_t;
typedef        __s64        int64_t;
#endif

/* this is a special 64bit data type that is 8-byte aligned */
#define aligned_u64 __u64 __attribute__((aligned(8)))
#define aligned_be64 __be64 __attribute__((aligned(8)))
#define aligned_le64 __le64 __attribute__((aligned(8)))

/**
 * The type used for indexing onto a disc or disc partition.
 *
 * Linux always considers sectors to be 512 bytes long independently
 * of the devices real block size.
 *
 * blkcnt_t is the type of the inode's block count.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_LBDAF
typedef u64 sector_t;
typedef u64 blkcnt_t;
#else
typedef unsigned long sector_t;
typedef unsigned long blkcnt_t;
#endif

/*
 * The type of an index into the pagecache.  Use a #define so asm/types.h
 * can override it.
 */
#ifndef pgoff_t
#define pgoff_t unsigned long
#endif

#endif /* __KERNEL__ */

/*
 * Below are truly Linux-specific types that should never collide with
 * any application/library that wants linux/types.h.
 */

#ifdef __CHECKER__
#define __bitwise__ __attribute__((bitwise))
#else
#define __bitwise__
#endif
#ifdef __CHECK_ENDIAN__
#define __bitwise __bitwise__
#else
#define __bitwise
#endif

typedef __u16 __bitwise __le16;
typedef __u16 __bitwise __be16;
typedef __u32 __bitwise __le32;
typedef __u32 __bitwise __be32;
typedef __u64 __bitwise __le64;
typedef __u64 __bitwise __be64;

typedef __u16 __bitwise __sum16;
typedef __u32 __bitwise __wsum;

#ifdef __KERNEL__
typedef unsigned __bitwise__ gfp_t;
typedef unsigned __bitwise__ fmode_t;

#ifdef CONFIG_PHYS_ADDR_T_64BIT
typedef u64 phys_addr_t;
#else
typedef u32 phys_addr_t;
#endif

typedef phys_addr_t resource_size_t;

typedef struct {
    volatile int counter;
} atomic_t;

#ifdef CONFIG_64BIT
typedef struct {
    volatile long counter;
} atomic64_t;
#endif

struct ustat {
    __kernel_daddr_t    f_tfree;
    __kernel_ino_t        f_tinode;
    char            f_fname[6];
    char            f_fpack[6];
};

#endif    /* __KERNEL__ */
#endif /*  __ASSEMBLY__ */
#endif /* _LINUX_TYPES_H */

list.h

#ifndef _LINUX_LIST_H
#define _LINUX_LIST_H

#include <linux/stddef.h>
#include <linux/poison.h>
#include <linux/prefetch.h>
#include <asm/system.h>

/*
 * Simple doubly linked list implementation.
 *
 * Some of the internal functions ("__xxx") are useful when
 * manipulating whole lists rather than single entries, as
 * sometimes we already know the next/prev entries and we can
 * generate better code by using them directly rather than
 * using the generic single-entry routines.
 */

struct list_head {
    struct list_head *next, *prev;
};

#define LIST_HEAD_INIT(name) { &(name), &(name) }

#define LIST_HEAD(name) 
    struct list_head name = LIST_HEAD_INIT(name)

static inline void INIT_LIST_HEAD(struct list_head *list)
{
    list->next = list;
    list->prev = list;
}

/*
 * Insert a new entry between two known consecutive entries.
 *
 * This is only for internal list manipulation where we know
 * the prev/next entries already!
 */
#ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST
static inline void __list_add(struct list_head *new,
                  struct list_head *prev,
                  struct list_head *next)
{
    next->prev = new;
    new->next = next;
    new->prev = prev;
    prev->next = new;
}
#else
extern void __list_add(struct list_head *new,
                  struct list_head *prev,
                  struct list_head *next);
#endif

/**
 * list_add - add a new entry
 * @new: new entry to be added
 * @head: list head to add it after
 *
 * Insert a new entry after the specified head.
 * This is good for implementing stacks.
 */
static inline void list_add(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
{
    __list_add(new, head, head->next);
}


/**
 * list_add_tail - add a new entry
 * @new: new entry to be added
 * @head: list head to add it before
 *
 * Insert a new entry before the specified head.
 * This is useful for implementing queues.
 */
static inline void list_add_tail(struct list_head *new, struct list_head *head)
{
    __list_add(new, head->prev, head);
}

/*
 * Delete a list entry by making the prev/next entries
 * point to each other.
 *
 * This is only for internal list manipulation where we know
 * the prev/next entries already!
 */
static inline void __list_del(struct list_head * prev, struct list_head * next)
{
    next->prev = prev;
    prev->next = next;
}

/**
 * list_del - deletes entry from list.
 * @entry: the element to delete from the list.
 * Note: list_empty() on entry does not return true after this, the entry is
 * in an undefined state.
 */
#ifndef CONFIG_DEBUG_LIST
static inline void list_del(struct list_head *entry)
{
    __list_del(entry->prev, entry->next);
    entry->next = LIST_POISON1;
    entry->prev = LIST_POISON2;
}
#else
extern void list_del(struct list_head *entry);
#endif

/**
 * list_replace - replace old entry by new one
 * @old : the element to be replaced
 * @new : the new element to insert
 *
 * If @old was empty, it will be overwritten.
 */
static inline void list_replace(struct list_head *old,
                struct list_head *new)
{
    new->next = old->next;
    new->next->prev = new;
    new->prev = old->prev;
    new->prev->next = new;
}

static inline void list_replace_init(struct list_head *old,
                    struct list_head *new)
{
    list_replace(old, new);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(old);
}

/**
 * list_del_init - deletes entry from list and reinitialize it.
 * @entry: the element to delete from the list.
 */
static inline void list_del_init(struct list_head *entry)
{
    __list_del(entry->prev, entry->next);
    INIT_LIST_HEAD(entry);
}

/**
 * list_move - delete from one list and add as another's head
 * @list: the entry to move
 * @head: the head that will precede our entry
 */
static inline void list_move(struct list_head *list, struct list_head *head)
{
    __list_del(list->prev, list->next);
    list_add(list, head);
}

/**
 * list_move_tail - delete from one list and add as another's tail
 * @list: the entry to move
 * @head: the head that will follow our entry
 */
static inline void list_move_tail(struct list_head *list,
                  struct list_head *head)
{
    __list_del(list->prev, list->next);
    list_add_tail(list, head);
}

/**
 * list_is_last - tests whether @list is the last entry in list @head
 * @list: the entry to test
 * @head: the head of the list
 */
static inline int list_is_last(const struct list_head *list,
                const struct list_head *head)
{
    return list->next == head;
}

/**
 * list_empty - tests whether a list is empty
 * @head: the list to test.
 */
static inline int list_empty(const struct list_head *head)
{
    return head->next == head;
}

/**
 * list_empty_careful - tests whether a list is empty and not being modified
 * @head: the list to test
 *
 * Description:
 * tests whether a list is empty _and_ checks that no other CPU might be
 * in the process of modifying either member (next or prev)
 *
 * NOTE: using list_empty_careful() without synchronization
 * can only be safe if the only activity that can happen
 * to the list entry is list_del_init(). Eg. it cannot be used
 * if another CPU could re-list_add() it.
 */
static inline int list_empty_careful(const struct list_head *head)
{
    struct list_head *next = head->next;
    return (next == head) && (next == head->prev);
}

/**
 * list_is_singular - tests whether a list has just one entry.
 * @head: the list to test.
 */
static inline int list_is_singular(const struct list_head *head)
{
    return !list_empty(head) && (head->next == head->prev);
}

static inline void __list_cut_position(struct list_head *list,
        struct list_head *head, struct list_head *entry)
{
    struct list_head *new_first = entry->next;
    list->next = head->next;
    list->next->prev = list;
    list->prev = entry;
    entry->next = list;
    head->next = new_first;
    new_first->prev = head;
}

/**
 * list_cut_position - cut a list into two
 * @list: a new list to add all removed entries
 * @head: a list with entries
 * @entry: an entry within head, could be the head itself
 *    and if so we won't cut the list
 *
 * This helper moves the initial part of @head, up to and
 * including @entry, from @head to @list. You should
 * pass on @entry an element you know is on @head. @list
 * should be an empty list or a list you do not care about
 * losing its data.
 *
 */
static inline void list_cut_position(struct list_head *list,
        struct list_head *head, struct list_head *entry)
{
    if (list_empty(head))
        return;
    if (list_is_singular(head) &&
        (head->next != entry && head != entry))
        return;
    if (entry == head)
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
    else
        __list_cut_position(list, head, entry);
}

static inline void __list_splice(const struct list_head *list,
                 struct list_head *prev,
                 struct list_head *next)
{
    struct list_head *first = list->next;
    struct list_head *last = list->prev;

    first->prev = prev;
    prev->next = first;

    last->next = next;
    next->prev = last;
}

/**
 * list_splice - join two lists, this is designed for stacks
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 */
static inline void list_splice(const struct list_head *list,
                struct list_head *head)
{
    if (!list_empty(list))
        __list_splice(list, head, head->next);
}

/**
 * list_splice_tail - join two lists, each list being a queue
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 */
static inline void list_splice_tail(struct list_head *list,
                struct list_head *head)
{
    if (!list_empty(list))
        __list_splice(list, head->prev, head);
}

/**
 * list_splice_init - join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list.
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 *
 * The list at @list is reinitialised
 */
static inline void list_splice_init(struct list_head *list,
                    struct list_head *head)
{
    if (!list_empty(list)) {
        __list_splice(list, head, head->next);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
    }
}

/**
 * list_splice_tail_init - join two lists and reinitialise the emptied list
 * @list: the new list to add.
 * @head: the place to add it in the first list.
 *
 * Each of the lists is a queue.
 * The list at @list is reinitialised
 */
static inline void list_splice_tail_init(struct list_head *list,
                     struct list_head *head)
{
    if (!list_empty(list)) {
        __list_splice(list, head->prev, head);
        INIT_LIST_HEAD(list);
    }
}

/**
 * list_entry - get the struct for this entry
 * @ptr:    the &struct list_head pointer.
 * @type:    the type of the struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 */
#define list_entry(ptr, type, member) 
    container_of(ptr, type, member)

/**
 * list_first_entry - get the first element from a list
 * @ptr:    the list head to take the element from.
 * @type:    the type of the struct this is embedded in.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Note, that list is expected to be not empty.
 */
#define list_first_entry(ptr, type, member) 
    list_entry((ptr)->next, type, member)

/**
 * list_for_each    -    iterate over a list
 * @pos:    the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each(pos, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->next; prefetch(pos->next), pos != (head); 
            pos = pos->next)

/**
 * __list_for_each    -    iterate over a list
 * @pos:    the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 *
 * This variant differs from list_for_each() in that it's the
 * simplest possible list iteration code, no prefetching is done.
 * Use this for code that knows the list to be very short (empty
 * or 1 entry) most of the time.
 */
#define __list_for_each(pos, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->next; pos != (head); pos = pos->next)

/**
 * list_for_each_prev    -    iterate over a list backwards
 * @pos:    the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_prev(pos, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->prev; prefetch(pos->prev), pos != (head); 
            pos = pos->prev)

/**
 * list_for_each_safe - iterate over a list safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:    the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->next, n = pos->next; pos != (head); 
        pos = n, n = pos->next)

/**
 * list_for_each_prev_safe - iterate over a list backwards safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:    the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 */
#define list_for_each_prev_safe(pos, n, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->prev, n = pos->prev; 
         prefetch(pos->prev), pos != (head); 
         pos = n, n = pos->prev)

/**
 * list_for_each_entry    -    iterate over list of given type
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry(pos, head, member)                
    for (pos = list_entry((head)->next, typeof(*pos), member);    
         prefetch(pos->member.next), &pos->member != (head);     
         pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_reverse - iterate backwards over list of given type.
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_reverse(pos, head, member)            
    for (pos = list_entry((head)->prev, typeof(*pos), member);    
         prefetch(pos->member.prev), &pos->member != (head);     
         pos = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_prepare_entry - prepare a pos entry for use in list_for_each_entry_continue()
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a start point
 * @head:    the head of the list
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Prepares a pos entry for use as a start point in list_for_each_entry_continue().
 */
#define list_prepare_entry(pos, head, member) 
    ((pos) ? : list_entry(head, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_continue - continue iteration over list of given type
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Continue to iterate over list of given type, continuing after
 * the current position.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_continue(pos, head, member)         
    for (pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member);    
         prefetch(pos->member.next), &pos->member != (head);    
         pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse - iterate backwards from the given point
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Start to iterate over list of given type backwards, continuing after
 * the current position.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_continue_reverse(pos, head, member)        
    for (pos = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member);    
         prefetch(pos->member.prev), &pos->member != (head);    
         pos = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_from - iterate over list of given type from the current point
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate over list of given type, continuing from current position.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_from(pos, head, member)             
    for (; prefetch(pos->member.next), &pos->member != (head);    
         pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe - iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe(pos, n, head, member)            
    for (pos = list_entry((head)->next, typeof(*pos), member),    
        n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member);    
         &pos->member != (head);                     
         pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.next, typeof(*n), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe_continue
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate over list of given type, continuing after current point,
 * safe against removal of list entry.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe_continue(pos, n, head, member)         
    for (pos = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member),         
        n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member);        
         &pos->member != (head);                        
         pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.next, typeof(*n), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe_from
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate over list of given type from current point, safe against
 * removal of list entry.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe_from(pos, n, head, member)             
    for (n = list_entry(pos->member.next, typeof(*pos), member);        
         &pos->member != (head);                        
         pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.next, typeof(*n), member))

/**
 * list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse
 * @pos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another type * to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the list_struct within the struct.
 *
 * Iterate backwards over list of given type, safe against removal
 * of list entry.
 */
#define list_for_each_entry_safe_reverse(pos, n, head, member)        
    for (pos = list_entry((head)->prev, typeof(*pos), member),    
        n = list_entry(pos->member.prev, typeof(*pos), member);    
         &pos->member != (head);                     
         pos = n, n = list_entry(n->member.prev, typeof(*n), member))

/*
 * Double linked lists with a single pointer list head.
 * Mostly useful for hash tables where the two pointer list head is
 * too wasteful.
 * You lose the ability to access the tail in O(1).
 */

struct hlist_head {
    struct hlist_node *first;
};

struct hlist_node {
    struct hlist_node *next, **pprev;
};

#define HLIST_HEAD_INIT { .first = NULL }
#define HLIST_HEAD(name) struct hlist_head name = {  .first = NULL }
#define INIT_HLIST_HEAD(ptr) ((ptr)->first = NULL)
static inline void INIT_HLIST_NODE(struct hlist_node *h)
{
    h->next = NULL;
    h->pprev = NULL;
}

static inline int hlist_unhashed(const struct hlist_node *h)
{
    return !h->pprev;
}

static inline int hlist_empty(const struct hlist_head *h)
{
    return !h->first;
}

static inline void __hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n)
{
    struct hlist_node *next = n->next;
    struct hlist_node **pprev = n->pprev;
    *pprev = next;
    if (next)
        next->pprev = pprev;
}

static inline void hlist_del(struct hlist_node *n)
{
    __hlist_del(n);
    n->next = LIST_POISON1;
    n->pprev = LIST_POISON2;
}

static inline void hlist_del_init(struct hlist_node *n)
{
    if (!hlist_unhashed(n)) {
        __hlist_del(n);
        INIT_HLIST_NODE(n);
    }
}

static inline void hlist_add_head(struct hlist_node *n, struct hlist_head *h)
{
    struct hlist_node *first = h->first;
    n->next = first;
    if (first)
        first->pprev = &n->next;
    h->first = n;
    n->pprev = &h->first;
}

/* next must be != NULL */
static inline void hlist_add_before(struct hlist_node *n,
                    struct hlist_node *next)
{
    n->pprev = next->pprev;
    n->next = next;
    next->pprev = &n->next;
    *(n->pprev) = n;
}

static inline void hlist_add_after(struct hlist_node *n,
                    struct hlist_node *next)
{
    next->next = n->next;
    n->next = next;
    next->pprev = &n->next;

    if(next->next)
        next->next->pprev  = &next->next;
}

/*
 * Move a list from one list head to another. Fixup the pprev
 * reference of the first entry if it exists.
 */
static inline void hlist_move_list(struct hlist_head *old,
                   struct hlist_head *new)
{
    new->first = old->first;
    if (new->first)
        new->first->pprev = &new->first;
    old->first = NULL;
}

#define hlist_entry(ptr, type, member) container_of(ptr,type,member)

#define hlist_for_each(pos, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1; }); 
         pos = pos->next)

#define hlist_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) 
    for (pos = (head)->first; pos && ({ n = pos->next; 1; }); 
         pos = n)

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry    - iterate over list of given type
 * @tpos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @pos:    the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor.
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry(tpos, pos, head, member)             
    for (pos = (head)->first;                     
         pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1;}) &&             
        ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); 
         pos = pos->next)

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry_continue - iterate over a hlist continuing after current point
 * @tpos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @pos:    the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor.
 * @member:    the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry_continue(tpos, pos, member)         
    for (pos = (pos)->next;                         
         pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1;}) &&             
        ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); 
         pos = pos->next)

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry_from - iterate over a hlist continuing from current point
 * @tpos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @pos:    the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor.
 * @member:    the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry_from(tpos, pos, member)             
    for (; pos && ({ prefetch(pos->next); 1;}) &&             
        ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); 
         pos = pos->next)

/**
 * hlist_for_each_entry_safe - iterate over list of given type safe against removal of list entry
 * @tpos:    the type * to use as a loop cursor.
 * @pos:    the &struct hlist_node to use as a loop cursor.
 * @n:        another &struct hlist_node to use as temporary storage
 * @head:    the head for your list.
 * @member:    the name of the hlist_node within the struct.
 */
#define hlist_for_each_entry_safe(tpos, pos, n, head, member)          
    for (pos = (head)->first;                     
         pos && ({ n = pos->next; 1; }) &&                  
        ({ tpos = hlist_entry(pos, typeof(*tpos), member); 1;}); 
         pos = n)

#endif

需要自备gcc标准手册，posix手册