SQL Server特殊用法笔记

1. MERGE用法：关联两表，有则改，无则加

SQL语句：

create table #AAA(id int,A int,AA int,AAA int,B int)
create table #BBB(A int,B int)

insert into #AAA select 1,1,1,1,null union select 2,2,2,2,null union select 3,3,3,3,null union select 4,4,4,4,null
insert into #BBB select 1,10 union select 2,20 union select 3,30 union select 6,60

merge into #AAA as t
using (select * from #BBB where A<30 )as s
on s.A=t.A
when matched then update set t.B=s.B
when not matched by target then insert values(0,s.A,0,0,s.B)
when not matched by source then update set t.B=0
output $action as [Action],
    Inserted.id as InsertId,
    Inserted.B as InsertB,
    Deleted.id as DeletedId,
    Deleted.B as DeletedB;

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/bb510625.aspx

2. ROW_NUMBER用法：分组取第一行

SQL语句:

create table #AAA(id int,A int,B int,C int,Flag int)
insert into #AAA values(1,1,1,1,0),(2,1,2,2,0),(3,2,3,3,1),(4,2,4,4,0)

select * from
    (select A,B,rn=ROW_NUMBER() over (partition by A order by C) 
    from #AAA
    where Flag=0) t0
where rn=1

drop table #AAA

扩展用法：

1. 删除重复数据，思路：按照一定的排序保留第一条，删除rn>1的数据。

2. row_Number的Over语句中，如果不想做排序操作，可以输入order by(select null)

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms186734.aspx

3. READPAST大用

说明：READPAST是一个table hints，实际应用场景可以是多线程处理一批任务，Update/Delete任务时用ReadPast可以跳过行锁，提高效率。

SQL语句：

DELETE a OUTPUT deleted.* FROM dbo.Test a WITH (UPDLOCK, READPAST)

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms187373.aspx

4. CTE(公用表表达式)：优雅清晰的代码

SQL语句：

create table #AAA(orderId varchar(20), packId varchar(20), skuId varchar(20), resentSign bit, resent int)
create table #BBB(orderId varchar(20), skuId varchar(20), resent int)

insert into #AAA values
     ('S01','P01','A',null,null)
    ,('S03','P01','C',1,20)
    ,('S01','P02','A',null,null)
    ,('S01','P01','B',null,null)
    ,('S02','P01','A',null,null)
    ,('S02','P03','B',null,null)
insert into #BBB values
    ('S01','A',10)

;with cteTest as
(
    select t3.*,t2.resent as newResent from 
    (select t1.packId,t1.SkuId,t0.resent from
        (select orderId,skuId,resent from #BBB) t0
        left join (select orderId,packId,SkuId from #AAA)t1
        on t1.orderId=t0.orderId and t1.SkuId=t0.skuId) t2
    left join (select * from #AAA where resentSign is null) t3 
    on t3.packId=t2.packId and t3.SkuId=t2.SkuId
)
update cteTest set ResentSign=1, resent=newResent

提示：

1. with前如果有SQL语句，必须以;结尾，否则报错，因此可以习惯在With前加;的写法。

2. with加上merge的写法，更加优雅。但是值得注意的是，merge的表对象可以用with过滤查找，但MS官方不推荐这么做，有失败的风险。

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms175972.aspx

5. 探究SQL中的null和空字符

SQL语句：

declare @testOne nvarchar(30)
set @testOne='   '

select @testOne as Content
    ,case when @testOne = ' ' then ' = empty' else '= empty false' end as EmptyTest
    ,case when @testOne != ' ' then '!= empty' else '!= empty false' end as NotEmptyTest
    ,case when @testOne = null then '= Null' else '= Null false' end as NotEmptyTest
    ,case when @testOne != null then '!= Null' else '!= Null false' end as NotNullTest

6. STUFF：查询group并串联String

SQL语句：

create table #AAA(id int, Col1 varchar(10))
insert into #AAA values (3,'吃饭'),(3,'运动'),(2,'打球'),(1,'跳舞'),(1,'看电影')

Select distinct ST2.id, 
stuff((Select ','+Col1-- as [text()]--无列名
    From #AAA ST1
    Where ST1.id = ST2.id
    For XML PATH ('')
    ),1,1,'') Col1s
 From #AAA ST2

drop table #AAA

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms190922.aspx

7. OUTPUT用法：增删改的同时OUTPUT数据

SQL语句：

create table #OldData(id int, A varchar(30), B varchar(30))
create table #IdMap(OldId int,[NewId] uniqueidentifier)
create table #NewData(id uniqueidentifier, A varchar(30), B varchar(30), oldId int)

insert into #OldData values (1,'A','B'),(2,'Ads','Bwe'),(3,'frA','erB'),(4,'erA','Bty')

--写入新数据同时写到Id映射表
insert into #NewData
output inserted.OldId,inserted.id AS [NewId] into #IdMap
select newid() as newGuid,A,B,id from #OldData

drop table #OldData
drop table #IdMap
drop table #NewData

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms177564.aspx

8. CTE递归一

如上如：A表为一个树形结构：

目标：将结构打散成二级，结果数据为：节点，父节点，父子深度。

SQL语句：

create table #AAA(id int, pid int,v int)
insert into #AAA values (0,null,0),(1,0,1),(2,0,2),(3,0,3),(4,1,4),(5,1,5),(6,2,6),(7,4,7),(8,2,8),(9,6,9)

SELECT * FROM #AAA

;with cte as
(
    select Id,Pid,0 as lvl,Id as flag from #AAA

    union all
    select d.Id,d.Pid,lvl+1,c.flag from cte c inner join #AAA d
    on d.Id = c.Pid
      where c.lvl<10--这里加2表示只取2次递归的结果。
)
select flag AS subId,Id AS dadId, Lvl
FROM cte
ORDER BY cte.flag,cte.lvl desc

drop table #AAA

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms175972.aspx

9. CTE递归二

 

目标：将数据分组并向上累加。V(0,0)=1，V(0,1)=3，V(0,2)=8处理成V(0,0)=1，V(0,1)=3+1=4，V(0,2)=8+3+1=12

SQL语句：

create table #AAA(gpid int, rn int, v int)
insert into #AAA values (0,0,1),(0,1,3),(0,2,8),(1,0,5),(1,1,1),(2,0,1),(2,1,10),(2,2,3),(2,3,-1),(3,0,6)

;with cte as
(
    select gpid,rn,v from #AAA WHERE rn=0

    union all
    select d.gpid,d.rn,d.v+c.v AS v FROM cte c inner join #AAA d
    on d.gpid = c.gpid AND d.rn =c.rn+1
)
SELECT * FROM cte ORDER BY gpid,cte.rn

DROP table #AAA

详细说明和更多用法参见：https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms175972.aspx

10. CTE递归三

SQL语句：

DECLARE @tmp TABLE(id INT, value VARCHAR(30))
INSERT INTO @tmp VALUES (1,'a'), (2,'a'), (3,'a'), (4,'b'), (5,'b'), (6,'a'), (7,'a'), (8,'c')

;WITH cte AS
(
    SELECT *,[key]=id, ct = 1 FROM @tmp
    UNION ALL
    SELECT d.id, d.value,c.[key], c.ct+1 AS ct 
    FROM cte c INNER JOIN @tmp d ON d.id=c.id+1 AND d.value = c.value
)

SELECT rn = ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY b1.[key]) ,b1.value,COUNT(1) AS ct
FROM(
    SELECT *,rn=ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY id ORDER BY cte.[key]) 
    FROM cte 
) b1 WHERE b1.rn=1 
GROUP BY b1.[key],b1.value

11.解析xml子数据并join到父数据

目标：将父数据中的xml子数据解读并对每条子数据生成一条包含父数据信息的数据行

SQL语句：

---- 创建函数解析xml成table
--alter FUNCTION [dbo].[F_GetDetails]
--(
--    @detailxml nvarchar(4000)           
--)
--RETURNS @t TABLE(id int, amount DECIMAL(12,4))
--AS
--BEGIN

--        --解析xml
--    declare @xml xml 
--    set @xml=cast(@detailxml as xml)
    
--    INSERT INTO @t
--    select T.c.value('@id','int') as Id, 
--        T.c.value('@amount','decimal(12,4)') as Amount
--    from @xml.nodes('As/A') as T(c)

--    RETURN;
--END

DECLARE @tmp TABLE(id INT,name NVARCHAR(30),xmlDetail NVARCHAR(1000))
INSERT INTO @tmp VALUES  
 (1,    'A',N'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
<As>
  <A id="1" amount="1.3900" />
  <A id="2" amount="19.0000" />
  <A id="3" amount="2.2200" />
</As>')
,(2,    'B',N'<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-16"?>
<As>
  <A id="4" amount="9.3600" />
  <A id="5" amount="10.5000" />
  <A id="6" amount="2.1500" />
</As>')

SELECT * FROM @tmp a 
CROSS apply dbo.[F_GetDetails](a.xmlDetail) b

12. SQL SERVER2012取前一行后一行

;WITH product(id,name)
AS
(
    select 10,N'你' union all
    select 11,N'我' union all
    select 13,N'他' union all
    select 17,N'她' union all
    select 20,N'它'
)
 
SELECT 
*
FROM (SELECT id,LAG(id,1,0)OVER(ORDER BY id) AS 前一行ID,LEAD(id,1,0)OVER(ORDER BY id) AS 后一行ID   FROM Product ) AS t
WHERE Id=10

目标：取前一行/前几行的值，没有值的话指定默认值。

详细说明和更多用法参见： https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms177634.aspx

未完待续。。。。

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