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  • 【原】无脑操作:TypeScript环境搭建

    概述:本文描述TypeScript环境搭建,以及基于VSCode的自动编译设置和调试设置。网络上很多相应文章的方式过时了或者无法试验成功。

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    TypeScript简介:由微软开发的开源免费的编程语言,是JavaScript语言的一个超集,本质上为JavaScript语言添加了可选的静态类型和基于类的面向对象编程概念。

    TypeScript的作者是大名鼎鼎的Anders Hejlsberg,没错,就是Delphi和C#之父。

        

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    1、TypeScript环境搭建:

    ① 操作系统:Windows 7 64位旗舰版

    ② 从Node.JS官网(https://nodejs.org/en/)下载当前稳定版本的Node.js(截至2019年04月27日,node-v10.15.3-x64.msi)

        下载完毕,点击安装,选择好安装路径,一路回车安装即可。

    ③ 当前版本的Node.js默认就带有npm工具。所以,安装完毕后,在命令行窗口中分别输入node -v 和 npm -v,查看版本信息,验证是否安装成功。

    ④ 使用npm安装TypeScript,在命令行窗口中输入 npm install -g typescript,全局安装TypeScript。安装完成后,可以输入 tsc -v,查看TypeScript编译器的版本信息。

    ⑤ 新建一个demo.ts文件

    function say(msg) {
        return "Hello, " + msg;
    }
    
    let str = "TypeScript";
    console.log(say(str));

    在命令行窗口中,使用tsc指令(输入: tsc demo.ts)编译为对应的JavaScript文件demo.js,打开该文件

    function say(msg) {
        return "Hello, " + msg;
    }
    var str = "TypeScript";
    console.log(say(str));

    可以使用Node.js对生成的JavaScript文件进行执行

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    2、使用VSCode搭建开发环境

    ① 从VSCode官网(https://code.visualstudio.com)下载当前稳定版本(截至2019年04月27日,VSCodeUserSetup-x64-1.33.1.exe)

    ② 喜欢中文的朋友可以安装VSCode的中文插件

    ③ 创建目录demo,使用VSCode选择该目录,点击"终端"----->新建终端(快捷键:ctrl + shift + `),输入 tsc --init,创建出tsconfig.json文件。

    ④ tsconfig.json是TypeScript的配置文件,我们放开sourceMap 和 outDir的设置。其中,sourceMap是为了后续调试使用,outDir指定了自动编译时生成出JavaScript文件的位置。

    {
      "compilerOptions": {
        /* Basic Options */
        "target": "es5",                          /* Specify ECMAScript target version: 'ES3' (default), 'ES5', 'ES2015', 'ES2016', 'ES2017', 'ES2018', 'ES2019' or 'ESNEXT'. */
        "module": "commonjs",                     /* Specify module code generation: 'none', 'commonjs', 'amd', 'system', 'umd', 'es2015', or 'ESNext'. */
        // "lib": [],                             /* Specify library files to be included in the compilation. */
        // "allowJs": true,                       /* Allow javascript files to be compiled. */
        // "checkJs": true,                       /* Report errors in .js files. */
        // "jsx": "preserve",                     /* Specify JSX code generation: 'preserve', 'react-native', or 'react'. */
        // "declaration": true,                   /* Generates corresponding '.d.ts' file. */
        // "declarationMap": true,                /* Generates a sourcemap for each corresponding '.d.ts' file. */
        "sourceMap": true,                     /* Generates corresponding '.map' file. */
        // "outFile": "./",                       /* Concatenate and emit output to single file. */
        "outDir": "./js",                        /* Redirect output structure to the directory. */
        // "rootDir": "./",                       /* Specify the root directory of input files. Use to control the output directory structure with --outDir. */
        // "composite": true,                     /* Enable project compilation */
        // "incremental": true,                   /* Enable incremental compilation */
        // "tsBuildInfoFile": "./",               /* Specify file to store incremental compilation information */
        // "removeComments": true,                /* Do not emit comments to output. */
        // "noEmit": true,                        /* Do not emit outputs. */
        // "importHelpers": true,                 /* Import emit helpers from 'tslib'. */
        // "downlevelIteration": true,            /* Provide full support for iterables in 'for-of', spread, and destructuring when targeting 'ES5' or 'ES3'. */
        // "isolatedModules": true,               /* Transpile each file as a separate module (similar to 'ts.transpileModule'). */
    
        /* Strict Type-Checking Options */
        "strict": true,                           /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */
        // "noImplicitAny": true,                 /* Raise error on expressions and declarations with an implied 'any' type. */
        // "strictNullChecks": true,              /* Enable strict null checks. */
        // "strictFunctionTypes": true,           /* Enable strict checking of function types. */
        // "strictBindCallApply": true,           /* Enable strict 'bind', 'call', and 'apply' methods on functions. */
        // "strictPropertyInitialization": true,  /* Enable strict checking of property initialization in classes. */
        // "noImplicitThis": true,                /* Raise error on 'this' expressions with an implied 'any' type. */
        // "alwaysStrict": true,                  /* Parse in strict mode and emit "use strict" for each source file. */
    
        /* Additional Checks */
        // "noUnusedLocals": true,                /* Report errors on unused locals. */
        // "noUnusedParameters": true,            /* Report errors on unused parameters. */
        // "noImplicitReturns": true,             /* Report error when not all code paths in function return a value. */
        // "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true,    /* Report errors for fallthrough cases in switch statement. */
    
        /* Module Resolution Options */
        // "moduleResolution": "node",            /* Specify module resolution strategy: 'node' (Node.js) or 'classic' (TypeScript pre-1.6). */
        // "baseUrl": "./",                       /* Base directory to resolve non-absolute module names. */
        // "paths": {},                           /* A series of entries which re-map imports to lookup locations relative to the 'baseUrl'. */
        // "rootDirs": [],                        /* List of root folders whose combined content represents the structure of the project at runtime. */
        // "typeRoots": [],                       /* List of folders to include type definitions from. */
        // "types": [],                           /* Type declaration files to be included in compilation. */
        // "allowSyntheticDefaultImports": true,  /* Allow default imports from modules with no default export. This does not affect code emit, just typechecking. */
        "esModuleInterop": true                   /* Enables emit interoperability between CommonJS and ES Modules via creation of namespace objects for all imports. Implies 'allowSyntheticDefaultImports'. */
        // "preserveSymlinks": true,              /* Do not resolve the real path of symlinks. */
    
        /* Source Map Options */
        // "sourceRoot": "",                      /* Specify the location where debugger should locate TypeScript files instead of source locations. */
        // "mapRoot": "",                         /* Specify the location where debugger should locate map files instead of generated locations. */
        // "inlineSourceMap": true,               /* Emit a single file with source maps instead of having a separate file. */
        // "inlineSources": true,                 /* Emit the source alongside the sourcemaps within a single file; requires '--inlineSourceMap' or '--sourceMap' to be set. */
    
        /* Experimental Options */
        // "experimentalDecorators": true,        /* Enables experimental support for ES7 decorators. */
        // "emitDecoratorMetadata": true,         /* Enables experimental support for emitting type metadata for decorators. */
      }
    }

    ⑤ 编写TypeScript文件sample.ts

    // 定义类
    class Person {
        // 成员变量
        name: string;
        age: number;
    
        // 构造函数
        constructor(name: string, age: number) {
            this.name = name;
            this.age = age;
        }
    
        // 成员方法
        say(): void {
            console.log('姓名:' + this.name + ',年龄:' + this.age);
        }
    }
    
    // 实例化
    let person = new Person('temptation', 18);
    person.say();

    ⑥ 点击"终端"----->运行生成任务(快捷键:ctrl + shift + B),选择tsc:监视 - tsconfig.json,一会儿就会生成js目录以及对应ts文件的js文件

    生成的JavaScript文件内容如下:

    "use strict";
    // 定义类
    var Person = /** @class */ (function () {
        // 构造函数
        function Person(name, age) {
            this.name = name;
            this.age = age;
        }
        // 成员方法
        Person.prototype.say = function () {
            console.log('姓名:' + this.name + ',年龄:' + this.age);
        };
        return Person;
    }());
    // 实例化
    var person = new Person('temptation', 18);
    person.say();
    //# sourceMappingURL=sample.js.map

    ⑦ 调试TypeScript文件。在需要中断的位置,使用F9设置断点。再点击F5启动调试即可。F10单步调试。F11单步走入。

    ⑧ HTML文件不能直接使用TypeScript,需要使用TypeScript自动编译生成的JavaScript文件。

    可以在VSCode中安装open in browser这个插件,运行时,在HTML文件中右键找到Open In Default/Other Browser,打开相应的浏览器。在浏览器的控制台看到执行结果

    <!DOCTYPE html>
    <html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="UTF-8">
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
        <title>TypeScript使用示例</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <script src="js/sample.js"></script>
    </body>
    </html>
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  • 原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/iflytek/p/10781313.html
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