Python3中urllib详细使用方法(header,代理,超时,认证,异常处理)

urllib是python的一个获取url(Uniform Resource Locators,统一资源定址器)了，我们可以利用它来抓取远程的数据进行保存哦，下面整理了一些关于urllib使用中的一些关于header,代理,超时,认证,异常处理处理方法，下面一起来看看。

python3 抓取网页资源的 N 种方法

1、最简单

import urllib.request

response = urllib.request.urlopen('http://python.org/')

html = response.read()

2、使用 Request

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')

response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)

the_page = response.read()

3、发送数据

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse

import urllib.request

url = 'http://localhost/login.php'

user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'

values = {  'act' : 'login',  'login[email]' : 'abc@abc.com',  'login[password]' : '123456'  }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)

req = urllib.request.Request(url, data)

req.add_header('Referer', 'http://www.python.org/')

response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)

the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

 

4、发送数据和header

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.parse

import urllib.request

url = 'http://localhost/login.php'

user_agent = 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.5; Windows NT)'

values = {  'act' : 'login',  'login[email]' : 'abc@abc.com',  'login[password]' : '123456'  }

headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent }

data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values)

req = urllib.request.Request(url, data, headers)

response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)

the_page = response.read()

print(the_page.decode("utf8"))

5、http 错误

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

req = urllib.request.Request('http://python.org/')

try:  

　　urllib.request.urlopen(req)

except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:

　　print(e.code)

print(e.read().decode("utf8"))

6、异常处理1

#! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen

from urllib.error import URLError, HTTPError

req = Request('http://www.python.org/')

try:

　　response = urlopen(req)

except HTTPError as e:

　　print('The (www.python.org)server couldn't fulfill the request.')

　　print('Error code: ', e.code)

except URLError as e:

　　print('We failed to reach a server.')

　　print('Reason: ', e.reason)

else:

　　print("good!")

　　print(response.read().decode("utf8")) 

7、异常处理2

#! /usr/bin/env python3

from urllib.request import Request, urlopen

from urllib.error import  URLError

req = Request("http://www.python.org/")

try:

　　response = urlopen(req)

except URLError as e:

　　if hasattr(e, 'reason'):

　　　　print('We failed to reach a server.')

　　　　print('Reason: ', e.reason)

　　elif hasattr(e, 'code'):

　　　　print('The server couldn't fulfill the request.')

　　　　print('Error code: ', e.code)

else:  print("good!")

　　print(response.read().decode("utf8"))

8、HTTP 认证

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

# create a password manager

password_mgr = urllib.request.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()

# Add the username and password.

# If we knew the realm, we could use it instead of None.

top_level_url = "https://www.python.org/"

password_mgr.add_password(None, top_level_url, 'rekfan', 'xxxxxx')

handler = urllib.request.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_mgr)

# create "opener" (OpenerDirector instance)

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(handler)

# use the opener to fetch a URL

a_url = "https://www.python.org/"

x = opener.open(a_url)

print(x.read())

# Install the opener.

# Now all calls to urllib.request.urlopen use our opener.

urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

a = urllib.request.urlopen(a_url).read().decode('utf8')

print(a)

9、使用代理

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import urllib.request

proxy_support = urllib.request.ProxyHandler({'sock5': 'localhost:1080'})

opener = urllib.request.build_opener(proxy_support)

urllib.request.install_opener(opener)

 a = urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.python.org/").read().decode("utf8")

print(a)

10、超时

#! /usr/bin/env python3

import socket

import urllib.request

# timeout in seconds

timeout = 2

socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

# this call to urllib.request.urlopen now uses the default timeout

# we have set in the socket module

req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.python.org/')

a = urllib.request.urlopen(req).read()

print(a)