Mantle简介
Mantle是iOS和Mac平台下基于Objective-C编写的一个简单高效的模型层框架。
Mantle能做什么
Mantle可以轻松把JSON数据、字典(Dictionary)和模型(即Objective对象)之间的相互转换,支持自定义映射,并且内置实现了NSCoding和NSCoping,大大简化归档操作。
为什么要使用Mantle
传统的模型层方案遇到的问题
通常我们用Objective-C写的模型层遇到了什么问题?
我们可以用Github API来举例。现在假设我们想用Objective-C展现一个Github Issue,应该怎么做?
目前我们可以想到
-
直接解析JSON数据字典,然后展现给UI
-
将JSON数据转换为模型,在赋值给UI
关于1,弊端有很多,可以参考我的这篇文章:在iOS开发中使用字典转模型,现在假设我们选择了2,我们大致会定义下面的GHIssue
模型:
GHIssue.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
typedef enum : NSUInteger {
GHIssueStateOpen,
GHIssueStateClosed
} GHIssueState;
@class GHUser;
@interface GHIssue : NSObject <NSCoding, NSCopying>
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSURL *URL;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSURL *HTMLURL;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSNumber *number;
@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) GHIssueState state;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSString *reporterLogin;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSDate *updatedAt;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) GHUser *assignee;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSDate *retrievedAt;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *title;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *body;
- (instancetype)initWithDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dictionary;
@end
GHIssue.m
#import "GHIssue.h"
#import "GHUser.h"
@implementation GHIssue
+ (NSDateFormatter *)dateFormatter {
NSDateFormatter *dateFormatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init];
dateFormatter.locale = [[NSLocale alloc] initWithLocaleIdentifier:@"en_US_POSIX"];
dateFormatter.dateFormat = @"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'";
return dateFormatter;
}
- (instancetype)initWithDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dictionary {
self = [self init];
if (self == nil) return nil;
_URL = [NSURL URLWithString:dictionary[@"url"]];
_HTMLURL = [NSURL URLWithString:dictionary[@"html_url"]];
_number = dictionary[@"number"];
if ([dictionary[@"state"] isEqualToString:@"open"]) {
_state = GHIssueStateOpen;
} else if ([dictionary[@"state"] isEqualToString:@"closed"]) {
_state = GHIssueStateClosed;
}
_title = [dictionary[@"title"] copy];
_retrievedAt = [NSDate date];
_body = [dictionary[@"body"] copy];
_reporterLogin = [dictionary[@"user"][@"login"] copy];
_assignee = [[GHUser alloc] initWithDictionary:dictionary[@"assignee"]];
_updatedAt = [self.class.dateFormatter dateFromString:dictionary[@"updated_at"]];
return self;
}
- (instancetype)initWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder {
self = [self init];
if (self == nil) return nil;
_URL = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"URL"];
_HTMLURL = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"HTMLURL"];
_number = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"number"];
_state = [coder decodeIntegerForKey:@"state"];
_title = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"title"];
_retrievedAt = [NSDate date];
_body = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"body"];
_reporterLogin = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"reporterLogin"];
_assignee = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"assignee"];
_updatedAt = [coder decodeObjectForKey:@"updatedAt"];
return self;
}
- (void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder *)coder {
if (self.URL != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.URL forKey:@"URL"];
if (self.HTMLURL != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.HTMLURL forKey:@"HTMLURL"];
if (self.number != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.number forKey:@"number"];
if (self.title != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.title forKey:@"title"];
if (self.body != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.body forKey:@"body"];
if (self.reporterLogin != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.reporterLogin forKey:@"reporterLogin"];
if (self.assignee != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.assignee forKey:@"assignee"];
if (self.updatedAt != nil) [coder encodeObject:self.updatedAt forKey:@"updatedAt"];
[coder encodeInteger:self.state forKey:@"state"];
}
- (instancetype)copyWithZone:(NSZone *)zone {
GHIssue *issue = [[self.class allocWithZone:zone] init];
issue->_URL = self.URL;
issue->_HTMLURL = self.HTMLURL;
issue->_number = self.number;
issue->_state = self.state;
issue->_reporterLogin = self.reporterLogin;
issue->_assignee = self.assignee;
issue->_updatedAt = self.updatedAt;
issue.title = self.title;
issue->_retrievedAt = [NSDate date];
issue.body = self.body;
return issue;
}
- (NSUInteger)hash {
return self.number.hash;
}
- (BOOL)isEqual:(GHIssue *)issue {
if (![issue isKindOfClass:GHIssue.class]) return NO;
return [self.number isEqual:issue.number] && [self.title isEqual:issue.title] && [self.body isEqual:issue.body];
}
GHUser.h
@interface GHUser : NSObject <NSCoding, NSCopying>
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *login;
@property (nonatomic, assign) NSUInteger id;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *avatarUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *gravatarId;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *url;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *htmlUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *followersUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *followingUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *gistsUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *starredUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *subscriptionsUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *organizationsUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *reposUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *eventsUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *receivedEventsUrl;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *type;
@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL siteAdmin;
- (id)initWithDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dictionary;
@end
你会看到,如此简单的事情却有很多弊端。甚至,还有一些其他问题,这个例子里面没有展示出来。
- 无法使用服务器的新数据来更新这个
GHIssue
- 无法反过来将
GHIssue
转换成JSON
- 对于
GHIssueState
,如果枚举改编了,现有的归档会崩溃 - 如果
GHIssue
接口改变了,现有的归档会崩溃。
使用MTLModel
如果使用MTLModel,我们可以这样,声明一个类继承自MTLModel
typedef enum : NSUInteger {
GHIssueStateOpen,
GHIssueStateClosed
} GHIssueState;
@interface GHIssue : MTLModel <MTLJSONSerializing>
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSURL *URL;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSURL *HTMLURL;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSNumber *number;
@property (nonatomic, assign, readonly) GHIssueState state;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSString *reporterLogin;
@property (nonatomic, strong, readonly) GHUser *assignee;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSDate *updatedAt;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *title;
@property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *body;
@property (nonatomic, copy, readonly) NSDate *retrievedAt;
@end
@implementation GHIssue
+ (NSDateFormatter *)dateFormatter {
NSDateFormatter *dateFormatter = [[NSDateFormatter alloc] init];
dateFormatter.locale = [[NSLocale alloc] initWithLocaleIdentifier:@"en_US_POSIX"];
dateFormatter.dateFormat = @"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss'Z'";
return dateFormatter;
}
+ (NSDictionary *)JSONKeyPathsByPropertyKey {
return @{
@"URL": @"url",
@"HTMLURL": @"html_url",
@"number": @"number",
@"state": @"state",
@"reporterLogin": @"user.login",
@"assignee": @"assignee",
@"updatedAt": @"updated_at"
};
}
+ (NSValueTransformer *)URLJSONTransformer {
return [NSValueTransformer valueTransformerForName:MTLURLValueTransformerName];
}
+ (NSValueTransformer *)HTMLURLJSONTransformer {
return [NSValueTransformer valueTransformerForName:MTLURLValueTransformerName];
}
+ (NSValueTransformer *)stateJSONTransformer {
return [NSValueTransformer mtl_valueMappingTransformerWithDictionary:@{
@"open": @(GHIssueStateOpen),
@"closed": @(GHIssueStateClosed)
}];
}
+ (NSValueTransformer *)assigneeJSONTransformer {
return [MTLJSONAdapter dictionaryTransformerWithModelClass:GHUser.class];
}
+ (NSValueTransformer *)updatedAtJSONTransformer {
return [MTLValueTransformer transformerUsingForwardBlock:^id(NSString *dateString, BOOL *success, NSError *__autoreleasing *error) {
return [self.dateFormatter dateFromString:dateString];
} reverseBlock:^id(NSDate *date, BOOL *success, NSError *__autoreleasing *error) {
return [self.dateFormatter stringFromDate:date];
}];
}
- (instancetype)initWithDictionary:(NSDictionary *)dictionaryValue error:(NSError **)error {
self = [super initWithDictionary:dictionaryValue error:error];
if (self == nil) return nil;
// Store a value that needs to be determined locally upon initialization.
_retrievedAt = [NSDate date];
return self;
}
@end
很明显,我们不需要再去实现<NSCoding>
, <NSCopying>
, -isEqual:
和-hash
。在你的子类里面生命属性,MTLModel可以提供这些方法的默认实现。
最初例子里面的问题,在这里都得到了很好的解决。
-
MTLModel提供了一个
- (void)mergeValueForKey:(NSString *)key fromModel:(id<MTLModel>)model{}
,可以与其他任何实现了MTLModel协议的模型对象集成。 -
+[MTLJSONAdapter JSONDictionaryFromModel:error:]
可以把任何遵循MTLJSONSerializing>``协议的对象转换成JSON字典,
+[MTLJSONAdapter JSONArrayFromModels:error:]```类似,不过转换的是一个数组。
MTLJSONAdapter
中的fromJSONDictionary
和JSONDictionaryFromModel
可以实现模型和JSON的相互转化。
JSONKeyPathsByPropertyKey
可以实现模型和JSON的自定义映射。
JSONTransformerForKey
可以对JSON和模型不同类型进行映射。
classForParsingJSONDictionary
如果你使用了类簇(关于类簇,请参考:类簇在iOS开发中的应用),classForParsingJSONDictionary可以让你选择使用哪一个类进行JSON反序列化。
- MTLModel可以用归档很好的存储模型而不需要去实现令人厌烦的NSCoding协议。
-decodeValueForKey:withCoder:modelVersion:
方法在解码时会自动调用,如果重写,可以方便的进行自定义。
持久化
Mantle配合归档
MTLModel默认实现了 NSCoding
协议,可以利用NSKeyedArchiver
方便的对对象进行归档和解档。
Mantle配合Core Data
除了SQLite、FMDB之外,如果你想在你的数据里面执行复杂的查询,处理很多关系,支持撤销恢复,Core Data非常适合。
然而,这样也带来了一些痛点:
- 仍然有很多弊端
Managed objects
解决了上面看到的一些弊端,但是Core Data自生也有他的弊端。正确的配置Core Data和获取数据需要很多行代码。 - 很难保持正确性。甚至有经验的人在使用Core Data时也会犯错,并且这些问题框架是无法解决的。
如果你想获取JSON对象,Core Data需要做很多工作,但是却只能得到很少的回报。
但是,如果你已经在你的APP里面使用了Core Data,Mantle将仍然会是你的API和你的managed model objects之间一个很方便的转换层。
Mantle配合MagicRecord(一个Core Data框架)
Mantle为我们带来的好处
-
实现了NSCopying protocol,子类可以直接copy是多么爽的事情
-
实现了NSCoding protocol,跟NSUserDefaults说拜拜
-
提供了-isEqual:和-hash的默认实现,model作NSDictionary的key方便了许多
-
支持自定义映射,这在接口改变的情况下很有用
-
简单且把一件事情做好,不掺杂网络相关的操作
合理选择
虽然上面说了一系列的好处,但如果你的App的代码规模只有几万行,或者API只有十几个,或者没有遇到上面这些问题, 建议还是不要引入了,杀鸡用指甲刀就够了。但是,Mantle的实现和思路是值得每位iOS工程师学习和借鉴的。
代码
https://github.com/terwer/MantleDemo
参考
https://github.com/mantle/mantle
http://segmentfault.com/a/1190000002431365
http://yyny.me/ios/Mantle%E3%80%81JSONModel%E3%80%81MJExtension%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BD%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95/
PS: 本文由我们iOS122的小伙伴@TerwerGreen整理编辑,欢迎大家到他的个人博客terwer共同论道!