一、磁盘分区：
1、分区之前,需要先给虚拟机添加一块磁盘，以便于我们做后续的实验vmware虚拟机，请按如下进行操作
- 1.找到对应虚拟主机点击右键,选择设置
- 2.在硬件向导里面点击添加按钮，在硬件类型中选中“硬盘”，点击下一步
- 3.磁盘类型选择默认，然后创建新虚拟磁盘,调整大小(不要勾选立即分配空间)
- 4.最后点击下一步，完成即可
2、分区工具有fdisk和gdisk，当硬盘小于2T的时候我们应该用fdisk来分区，而当硬盘大于2T的时候则应用gdisk来进行分区
二、使用fidsk创建分区
1、fdisk命令
- fdisk常用选项：
- -l 列出素所有分区表
- -u 与"-l"搭配使用，显示分区数目
2、fdisk菜单操作说明：
Command (m for help): m //输入m列出常用的命令 Command action a toggle a bootable flag //切换分区启动标记 b edit bsd disklabel //编辑sdb磁盘标签 c toggle the dos compatibility flag //切换dos兼容模式 d delete a partition //删除分区 l list known partition types //显示分区类型 m print this menu //显示帮助菜单 n add a new partition //新建分区 o create a new empty DOS partition table //创建新的空白分区表 p print the partition table //显示分区表的信息 q quit without saving changes //不保存退出 s create a new empty Sun disklabel 7 //创建新的Sun磁盘标签 t change a partition's system id //修改分区ID,可以通过1查看id u change disp lay/entry units //修改容量单位,磁柱或扇区 V verify the partition table //检验分区表 w write table to disk and exit //保存退出 x extra functionality (experts only) //拓展功能
3、实例：
- 使用fdisk创建一个主分区（+5G）
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xc3bdb27b.
Command (m for help): n //新建分区
Partition type
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p //新建一个主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 //分区编号，默认是1
First sector (2048-104857599, default 2048): //起始大小，默认大小是2048M
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-104857599, default 104857599): +5G //该分区的大小是5G
Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.
Command (m for help): p //列出分区信息
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xc3bdb27b
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n2p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w //保存退出
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
//加载分区信息
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
//查看分区信息
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 7.3G 0 rom /mnt
nvme0n1 259:0 0 120G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 119G 0 part
├─rhel-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm /
├─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─rhel-home 253:2 0 67G 0 lvm /home
nvme0n2 259:3 0 50G 0 disk
└─nvme0n2p1 259:5 0 5G 0 part
- 使用fdisk创建一个扩展分区（剩余空间全部）
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n //新建一个分区
Partition type
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): e //新建一个额外的分区（扩展分区）
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2 //分区编号，默认是2
First sector (10487808-104857599, default 10487808): //该分区起始大小
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (10487808-104857599, default 104857599): //结束大小；扩展分区分配剩余所有的空间大小
Created a new partition 2 of type 'Extended' and of size 45 GiB.
Command (m for help): p //列出分区信息
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x8f03f9d8
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n2p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
/dev/nvme0n2p2 10487808 104857599 94369792 45G 5 Extended
Command (m for help): w //保存退出
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
//查看分区信息
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 7.3G 0 rom /mnt
nvme0n1 259:0 0 120G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 119G 0 part
├─rhel-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm /
├─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─rhel-home 253:2 0 67G 0 lvm /home
nvme0n2 259:3 0 50G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p1 259:4 0 5G 0 part
└─nvme0n2p2 259:5 0 1K 0 part
- 使用fdisk在扩展分区里面创建逻辑分区（+10G）
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): n //新建一个分区
All space for primary partitions is in use.
Adding logical partition 5 //默认的第一个逻辑分区编号是从5开始
First sector (10489856-104857599, default 10489856): //该分区的起始大小
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (10489856-104857599, default 104857599): +10G //分区结束大小10G
Created a new partition 5 of type 'Linux' and of size 10 GiB.
Command (m for help): p //查看分区列表信息
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x8f03f9d8
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n2p1 2048 10487807 10485760 5G 83 Linux
/dev/nvme0n2p2 10487808 104857599 94369792 45G 5 Extended
/dev/nvme0n2p5 10489856 31461375 20971520 10G 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w //保存退出
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
//重新读取分区表
[root@localhost ~]# partprobe
Warning: Unable to open /dev/sr0 read-write (Read-only file system). /dev/sr0 has been opened read-only.
//查看分区信息
[root@localhost ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0 11:0 1 7.3G 0 rom /mnt
nvme0n1 259:0 0 120G 0 disk
├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 119G 0 part
├─rhel-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm /
├─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
└─rhel-home 253:2 0 67G 0 lvm /home
nvme0n2 259:3 0 50G 0 disk
├─nvme0n2p1 259:7 0 5G 0 part
├─nvme0n2p2 259:8 0 1K 0 part
└─nvme0n2p5 259:9 0 10G 0 part
三、磁盘分区格式化
1、使用mkfs（make filesystem）命令格式化磁盘，创建文件系统:
- mkfs（make filesystem）常用的选项有：
- -b //设定数据区块占用空间大小， 目前支持1024、2048、4096 bytes每个块大小
- -t //用来指定什么类型的文件系统，可以是ext3，ext4， xfs
- -i //设定inode的大小
- -N //设定inode数量，防止Inode 数量不够导致磁盘不足
- -L //'LABEL': 设定卷标
-
mkfs示例：
- mkfs.ext4 /dev/DEVICENAME
- mkfs -t ext4 /dev/DEVICENAME
-
mke2fs：ext系列文件系统专用管理工具：
- -t {ext2|ext3|ext4}
- -b {1024|2048|4096}
- -L 'LABEL'：设定卷标
- -j: 相当于 -t ext3
2、格式化文件系统类型：
- 当前系统支持的文件系统：cat /etc/filesystems
- Linux文件系统: ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, swap, iso9660
- ext4: 默认文件系统
- swap: 交换分区，相当于虚拟内存（当内存耗尽前才会使用）
- 光盘：iso9660
- Windows：FAT32, NTFS
- Unix: FFS, UFS, JFS2
- 网络文件系统：NFS, CIFS
3、使用blkid查看格式化后设备的属性信息
- blkid：块设备属性信息查看
- blkid [OPTION]... [DEVICE]
- -U UUID: 根据指定的UUID来查找对应的设备
- -L LABEL：根据指定的LABEL来查找对应的设备
- blkid [OPTION]... [DEVICE]
- e2label：管理ext系列文件系统的LABEL
- e2label DEVICE [LABEL]
4、使用mkfs格式化主分区：
//查看以及创建的主分区 [root@localhost ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sr0 11:0 1 7.3G 0 rom /mnt nvme0n1 259:0 0 120G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 119G 0 part ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm / ├─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] └─rhel-home 253:2 0 67G 0 lvm /home nvme0n2 259:3 0 50G 0 disk └─nvme0n2p1 259:4 0 5G 0 part //以文件名格式化主分区 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/nvme0n2p1 mke2fs 1.44.6 (5-Mar-2019) Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodes Filesystem UUID: 47dcacad-d395-4cdf-806a-28f7cd126a2b Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done //查看已经格式化的主分区的属性 [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/nvme0n2p1 /dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="47dcacad-d395-4cdf-806a-28f7cd126a2b" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="8f03f9d8-01"
- 使用mkfs -t格式化主分区
//查看分区信息 [root@localhost ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sr0 11:0 1 7.3G 0 rom /mnt nvme0n1 259:0 0 120G 0 disk ├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 119G 0 part ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 50G 0 lvm / ├─rhel-swap 253:1 0 2G 0 lvm [SWAP] └─rhel-home 253:2 0 67G 0 lvm /home nvme0n2 259:3 0 50G 0 disk └─nvme0n2p1 259:5 0 5G 0 part //格式化主分区 [root@localhost ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/nvme0n2p1 mke2fs 1.44.6 (5-Mar-2019) Creating filesystem with 1310720 4k blocks and 327680 inodes Filesystem UUID: a9622acc-4419-4416-9d16-ed7fa1a2b476 Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (16384 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done //查看格式化后主分区的属性 [root@localhost ~]# blkid /dev/nvme0n2p1 /dev/nvme0n2p1: UUID="a9622acc-4419-4416-9d16-ed7fa1a2b476" TYPE="ext4" PARTUUID="8f03f9d8-01"