Oracle11g温习-第十九章：审计（audit）

2013年4月27日 星期六

10:52

 

1、审计的功能：监控用户在database 的 action （操作）

2、审计分类

1） session ：在同一个session，相同的语句只产生一个审计结果（默认）

2） access ：  在同一个session，每一个语句产生一个审计结果

 3、启用审计（默认不启用）

 

 SYS @ prod >show parameter audit;

audit_file_dest                      string      /u01/app/oracle/admin/prod/adump

audit_sys_operations                 boolean     FALSE

audit_syslog_level                   string

audit_trail                          string      NONE    （不启用)

 

SYS @ prod >alter system set audit_trail=db  scope=spfile ;

System altered. 

 

SYS @ prod > startup force;        静态参数需要重启实例                                                                                                  

ORACLE instance started.

 

Total System Global Area  167772160 bytes

Fixed Size                  1218316 bytes

Variable Size              83888372 bytes

Database Buffers           79691776 bytes

Redo Buffers                2973696 bytes

Database mounted.

Database opened.

 

SYS @ prod > show parameter audit                                                                                                       

 

NAME                                 TYPE                            VALUE

------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------

audit_file_dest                      string      /u01/app/oracle/admin/prod/adump                                             

audit_sys_operations          boolean     FALSE           ——audit_sys_operations=true ，启用对于sys 用户的审计

audit_syslog_level               string

audit_trail                              string      DB

 

——audit_trail 

        【1)  none  不启用audit

            2)  db 将审计结果放在数据字典里（database)，只有dba 可以访问

            3) os 将审计结果存放到操作系统的文件里（由audit_file_dest指定的位置)   】

【启用audit ，默认不审计sys用户的action     audit_sys_operations=true ，启用对于sys 用户的审计】

4、审计的对象：（默认情况：session ，对成功和不成功的同时审计)

  1）语句审计

——创建语句审计

SYS @ prod > audit table;                   【涉及到table关键字的都会列入审计内容】

Audit succeeded.

SYS @ prod > noaudit table;              【关闭审计】

SYS @ prod > desc  dba_audit_tail;

SYS @ prod > audit table by tom;    【对用户tom进行语句审计】

Audit succeeded.

 

SYS @ prod > audit table by tom whenever successful ;       【对用户tom进行成功的语句审计，失败的语句不审计】

Audit succeeded.

 

——查看审计设置

SYS @ prod >  select user_name,audit_option from dba_stmt_audit_opts;

 

USER_NAME                      AUDIT_OPTION

------------------------------ ----------------------------------------

SCOTT                          TABLE

                               

SCOTT @ prod >drop table emp1;

Table dropped.

 

SCOTT @ prod >create table emp1 as select * from emp;  

Table created.

SYS @ prod > conn tom/tom                                                                                                             

Connected.

 

TOM @ prod > create table t01 (id int);                                                                                                 

Table created.

 

TOM @ prod > drop table t01 purge;                                                                                                      

Table dropped.

 

TOM @ prod > conn /as sysdba                                                                                                        

Connected.

 

SYS @ prod > alter session set nls_date_format='yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss';                                                                 

Session altered.

 

SYS @ prod > col username for a10                                                                                                       

SYS @ prod >  col obj_name for a10      

SYS @ prod >  desc  dba_audit_tail ;                                                                                     

SYS @ prod >select    USERNAME,TIMESTAMP,OBJ_NAME,ACTION_NAME    from    dba_audit_trail;

 

USERNAME   TIMESTAMP           OBJ_NAME   ACTION_NAME

---------- ------------------- ---------- ----------------------------

SCOTT      2013-01-18 08:31:43 DEPT1      DROP TABLE

SCOTT      2013-01-18 08:32:33 DEPT       DROP TABLE

SCOTT      2013-01-18 08:32:51 EMP1       DROP TABLE

SCOTT      2013-01-18 08:33:38 EMP1       CREATE TABLE

    

 

——审计结果存放到aud$的基表里，通过dba_audit_trail 视图查看

SYS @ prod > select count(*) from aud$;                                                                                                 

  COUNT(*)

----------

         4

——删除审计结果

SYS @ prod > delete from    aud$;
8 rows deleted.

 

——关闭审计

SYS @ prod > noaudit table       

Noaudit succeeded.

2）权限审计

 

——创建权限审计

 

SYS @ prod > audit create table; 【只审计create 语句，其他语句不审计    】                                                                                                  

Audit succeeded.

 

SYS @ prod > conn scott/tiger                                                                                                         

Connected.

 

SCOTT @ prod > create table dept1 as select * from dept;                                                                                 

 

Table created.

 

 SCOTT @ prod > drop table dept1 purge;                      【不经过回收站，直接将文件删除】                                                                                              

Table dropped.

 

SCOTT @ prod > conn /as sysdba                                                                                                           

Connected.

 

SCOTT @ prod > select USERNAME,TIMESTAMP,OWNER,OBJ_NAME,ACTION_NAME from dba_audit_trail;                                                       

 

USERNAME   TIMESTAMP OBJ_NAME   ACTION_NAME

---------- --------- ---------- ----------------------------

SCOTT      11-AUG-11 DEPT1      CREATE TABLE                     

 

 

3）对象审计

——创建对象审计

 

SYS @ prod > audit all on scott.emp1;    【在某个对象上建立审计】                                                                                                   

Audit succeeded.

 

SYS @ prod > conn scott/tiger                                                                                                         

Connected.

 

SCOTT @ prod > select * from emp1;                                                                                                       

 

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20

      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-FEB-81       1600        300         30

      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-FEB-81       1250        500         30

      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20

      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-SEP-81       1250       1400         30

      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-MAY-81       2850                    30

      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-JUN-81       2450                    10

      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 19-APR-87       3000        100         40

      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-NOV-81       5000                    10

      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-SEP-81       1500          0         30

      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-MAY-87       1100                    20

      7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-DEC-81        950                    30

      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20

      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-JAN-82       1300                    10

SCOTT @ prod >update emp1 set sal=9000 where empno=7788;                                                                               

1 row updated.

 

SCOTT @ prod > delete from emp1 where rownum<2;                                                                                          

1 row deleted.

 

SCOTT @ prod >conn /as sysdba                                                                                                            

Connected.

 

SYS @ prod >select username,ses_actions,obj_name,to_char(timestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd HH24:MI:SS')     from dba_audit_trail;

 

USERNAME   SES_ACTIONS         OBJ_NAME   TO_CHAR(TIMESTAMP,'

---------- ------------------- ---------- -------------------

SCOTT      ---S-----SS-----    EMP1       2013-01-18 08:45:34

 

【其中S表示successful ，表示在这个位置操作是成功的，F表示failure 失败，B表示both，两者都有】。

5、精细审计Fine Grained Auditing (FGA)

 

用于审计用户在特定数据行或列上的SQL操作

精细审计是通过DBMS_FGA包实现。

——建立审计策略

SYS @ prod >exec dbms_fga.add_policy(object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp',policy_name=>'chk_emp',   audit_condition =>'deptno=20',audit_column =>'sal', statement_types =>'update,select');

 

【policy_name=>    可以随便写】

 

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

SYS @ prod > conn scott/tiger                                                                                                           

Connected.

 

SCOTT @ prod > select * from emp;                                                                                                        

 

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20

      7499 ALLEN      SALESMAN        7698 20-FEB-81       1600        300         30

      7521 WARD       SALESMAN        7698 22-FEB-81       1250        500         30

      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20

      7654 MARTIN     SALESMAN        7698 28-SEP-81       1250       1400         30

      7698 BLAKE      MANAGER         7839 01-MAY-81       2850                    30

      7782 CLARK      MANAGER         7839 09-JUN-81       2450                    10

      7788 SCOTT      ANALYST         7566 19-APR-87       3000        100         40

      7839 KING       PRESIDENT            17-NOV-81       5000                    10

      7844 TURNER     SALESMAN        7698 08-SEP-81       1500          0         30

      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-MAY-87       1100                    20

      7900 JAMES      CLERK           7698 03-DEC-81        950                    30

      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20

      7934 MILLER     CLERK           7782 23-JAN-82       1300                    10

14 rows selected.

 

SCOTT @ prod > select * from emp where deptno=20;                                                                                        

 

     EMPNO ENAME      JOB              MGR HIREDATE         SAL       COMM     DEPTNO

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------- ----------

      7369 SMITH      CLERK           7902 17-DEC-80        800                    20

      7566 JONES      MANAGER         7839 02-APR-81       2975                    20

      7876 ADAMS      CLERK           7788 23-MAY-87       1100                    20

      7902 FORD       ANALYST         7566 03-DEC-81       3000                    20

 

SCOTT @ prod > update emp set deptno=10 where empno=7788;                                                                               

1 row updated.

 

SCOTT @ prod > update emp set sal=8000 where empno=7788;                                                                                  

1 row updated.

 

SCOTT @ prod > update emp set sal=8000 where deptno=20;                                                                                 

4 rows updated.

 

SCOTT @ prod > commit;                                                                                                                   

Commit complete.

 

【验证审计结果 结果存放于 dba_fga_audit_trail 视图】

 

SCOTT @ prod > conn /as sysdba                                                                                                           

Connected.

 

SYS @ prod > select db_user,to_char(timestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "time" ,sql_text from dba_fga_audit_trail;                       

 

DB_USER    time                SQL_TEXT

---------- ------------------- --------------------------------------------------

SCOTT      2011-08-11 11:31:42 select * from emp

SCOTT      2011-08-11 11:31:49 select * from emp where deptno=20

SCOTT      2011-08-11 11:32:12 update emp set sal=8000 where empno=7788

SCOTT      2011-08-11 11:32:21 update emp set sal=8000 where deptno=20

 

——【精细审计结果存放到fga_log$的基表里，通过dba_fga_audit_trail 查看。】

 

SYS @ prod > select count(*) from fga_log$;                                                                                            

 

  COUNT(*)

----------

         4

 

SYS @ prod > delete from fga_log$;                                                                                                     

4 rows deleted.

 

SYS @ prod >  select db_user,to_char(timestamp,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') "time" ,sql_text from dba_fga_audit_trail;                      

no rows selected

  

——【禁止精细审计】

SYS @ prod >  exec dbms_fga.disable_policy(  object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp',  policy_name=>'chk_emp');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

——【激活精细审计】

SYS @ prod > exec dbms_fga.enable_policy(  object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp',   policy_name=>'chk_emp');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

——【删除FGA策略】

SYS @ prod > exec dbms_fga.drop_policy(   object_schema=>'scott',object_name=>'emp',  policy_name=>'chk_emp');

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

 

——【删除精细审计的结果】

SYS @ prod > delete from sys.fga_log$;

6、应用审计（通过触发器来实现）——用于记载DML操作所引起的数据变化

1）建立审计表（用来存放审计结果）                                                                                                   

SCOTT @ prod > create table audit_emp_change ( name varchar2(10), oldsal number(6,2), newsal number(6,2) ,time date);

Table created. 

2）建立DML 触发器 

 

SCOTT @ prod >   create or replace trigger tr_sal_change

     after update of sal on scott.emp                                          ——触发条件

     for each row

     declare

       v_temp int;

    begin

       select count(*)  into v_temp from audit_emp_change

             where name=:old.ename;

    if v_temp=0 then

     insert into audit_emp_change

        values(:old.ename,:old.sal,:new.sal,sysdate);

   else

     update audit_emp_change

      set oldsal=:old.sal ,newsal=:new.sal ,time=sysdate

            where name=:old.ename;

     end if;

  end;

        /

  

 

3）执行DML操作

SCOTT @ prod > update scott.emp set sal=6000 where empno=7788;

1 row updated.

 

4）查看审计结果

 

SYS @ prod > select name,oldsal,newsal,

  to_char(time,'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI') FROM AUDIT_EMP_CHANGE;

 

NAME           OLDSAL     NEWSAL TO_CHAR(TIME,'YY

---------- ---------- ---------- ----------------

SCOTT            2000       6000 2011-03-03 04:28